(CDI) FIRE Technology AND Arson Investigation PDF

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F I R E T E C H N O L O G Y A N D A R S O N I N V E S T I G A T I O NF I R E a rapid, self-sustaining oxidation process accompanied by the evolution of heat and light of varying intensity an active chemical reaction that takes place between fuel, heat and oxygen in the form of light and noticeable h...

Description

REYMAR G. MALICSI FIR FIRE E TE TECHN CHN CHNOL OL OLOGY OGY AND ARS ARSON ON INVE NVESTI STI STIGAT GAT GATIO IO ION N FIR FIRE E -

a rapid, self-sustaining oxidation process accompanied by the evolution of heat and light of varying intensity an active chemical reaction that takes place between fuel, heat and oxygen in the form of light and noticeable heat a chemical reaction; the rapid oxidation of a fuel producing heat and light an oxidation taking place with a rate rapid enough to produce heat and light

TEC TECHNO HNO HNOLOG LOG LOGY Y the branch of knowledge that deals with industrial arts and sciences the application of such knowledge that is used to produce the material necessity of society

FUE FUEL L -

Fue Fuell sou source rce rces s 1. Solid - molecules are closely packed together 2. Liquid - molecules are loosely packed 3. Gas - molecules are free to move HEA HEAT T -

ELE ELEME ME MENTS NTS O F FIR FIRE E OR T RI RIANGL ANGL ANGLE E OF FIRE FUE FUEL L -

TR TRIANG IANG IANGLE LE O F FIR FIRE E For many years, the fire triangle (oxygen, fuel and heat) was taught as the components of fire. While this simple example is useful, it is NOT technically correct. TET TETRA RA RAHED HED HEDRO RO RON N OF FI FIRE RE a geometric representation of what is required for fire to exist, namely, fuel, an oxidizing agent, heat, and an uninhibited chemical reaction FIR FIRE E TET TETRA RA RAHED HED HEDRO RO RON N -

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anything that will burn when heated with sufficient oxygen

OXY OXYGE GE GEN N aids in combustion; comes from the atmosphere we breath; the atmosphere contains: 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen and 1% impurities HEA HEAT T source of ignition

Oxygen (oxidizing agent) Fuel Heat Self-sustained chemical reaction Each component of the tetrahedron must be in place for combustion to occur. Remove one of the four components and combustion will not occur. If ignition has already occurred, the fire is extinguished when one of the components is removed from the reaction.

OXY OXYGE GE GEN N (Ox (Oxidiz idiz idizing ing Agen gent) t) a colorless, odorless gas and one of the compositions of air which is approximately 21% percent by volume Oxygen sources: Oxygen requirements: 1. 21% of normal oxygen 1. 12% no fire 2. 78% nitrogen 2. 14% flash point

the material or substance being oxidized or burned in the combustion process.

the energy component of the fire tetrahedron when heat comes into contact with a fuel, the energy supports the combustion reaction heat energy is measured in units of Joules (J), however it can also be measured in Calories (1 Calorie = 4.184 J) and BTU's (1 BTU = 1055 J)

TEM TEMPER PER PERAT AT ATURE URE a measure of the degree of molecular activity of a material compared to a reference point a measure of the degree of molecular activity of a material compared to a reference point measured in degrees Farenheit or degrees Celsius  ºC ºF Res Respo po ponse nse 37 98.6 Normal human oral/body temperature 44 111 Human skin begins to feel pain 48 118 Human skin receives a first degree burn 55 131 Human skin receives a second degree 62 140 A phase where burned human tissue becomes numb

72 100 140 230 250 300

162 212 284 446 482 572

Human skin is instantly destroyed Water boils and produces steam Glass transition temperature of polycarbonate

Melting temperature of polycarbonate Charring of natural cotton begins Charring of modern protective clothing

fabrics begins

600

1112

room

fire

Temperatures inside a post-flashover

 Typ Types es o f Ene Energy rgy ( com commo mo mon n sou source rce rces s of h eat eat)) 1. Chemical Energy 2. Electrical Energy 3. Nuclear Energy 4. Mechanical Energy CHE CHEMICA MICA MICAL L ENE ENERGY RGY the most common source of heat in combustion reactions When any combustible is in contact with oxygen, oxidation occurs. The reaction of this process results in the production of heat. ex. Heat generated from burning match, self heating (spontaneous heating) ELE ELECT CT CTRIC RIC RICAL AL EN ENERG ERG ERGY Y can generate temperature high enough

3. 1% other gases

3. 21% fire point

to ignite any combustible material near the heated area

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REYMAR G. MALICSI FIR FIRE E TE TECHN CHN CHNOL OL OLOGY OGY AND ARS ARSON ON INVE NVESTI STI STIGAT GAT GATIO IO ION N Examples: 1. over current or overload 2. arcing 3. sparking 4. static 5. lightning NUC NUCLEA LEA LEAR R ENE ENERGY RGY generated when atoms either split apart (fission) or combine (fusion) Ex. 1. fission heats water to drive steam turbines and produce electricity 2. solar energy is a product of a fusion reaction MEC MECHANI HANI HANICAL CAL E NER NERGY GY an energy created by friction and compression 1) Heat o f fr fricti icti iction on - the movement of two surfaces against each other, thus producing sparks 2) Heat o f com compr pr press ess ession ion - heat is generated when a gas is compressed in a container or cylinder SEL SELF-S F-S F-SUST UST USTAINE AINE AINED D CHE CHEMIC MIC MICAL AL RE REACT ACT ACTION ION Combustion is a complex reaction that requires a fuel (in the gaseous or vapor state), an oxidizer, and heat energy to come together in a very specific way. Once flaming combustion or fire occurs, it can only continue when enough heat energy is produced to cause the continued development of fuel vapors or gases. Scientists call this type of reaction a “chain reaction”. chain n rea reacti cti ction on is a series of reactions A chai that occur in sequence with the result of each individual reaction being added to the rest. FIR FIRE E DE DEVEL VEL VELOPM OPM OPMENT ENT When the four components of the fire tetrahedron come together, ignition occurs. For a fire to grow beyond the first material ignited, heat must be transmitted beyond the first material to additional fuel packages. Sta Stages ges o f Fire Ignition Growth Flashover Fully-developed Decay IGNI IGNITIO TIO TION N describes the period when the four elements of the fire tetrahedron come together and combustion begins GRO GROWT WT WTH H shortly after ignition, a fire plume begins to form above the burning fuel. As the plume develops, it begins to draw or entrain air from the surrounding space into the column.

FLA FLASHOV SHOV SHOVER ER the transition between the growth and the fully developed fire stages and is not a specific event such as ignition. During flashover, conditions in the compartment change very rapidly as the fire changes from one that is dominated by the burning of the materials first ignited to one that involves all of the exposed combustible surfaces within the compartment. FUL FULLYLYLY-DE DE DEVE VE VELOP LOP LOPED ED occurs when all combustible materials in the compartment are involved in the fire DE DECAY CAY as the fire consumes the available fuel in the compartment, the rate of heat released begins to decline. THR THREE EE ( 3) ST STAGE AGE AGES S OF FI FIRE RE 1. Incipient phase 2. Free burning phase 3. Smoldering 1. INC INCIPI IPI IPIENT ENT ST STAGE AGE initial stage of fire Char Charact act acteri eri erist st stics ics normal room temperature oxygen plentiful thermal updraft rise accumulates at higher point temperature at 1000 F Producing C02, CO, SO2, water and other gases 2. FR FREE EE BU BURN RN RNING ING PH PHASE ASE a phase of burning in which materials or structures are burning in the presence of adequate oxygen Char Charact act acteri eri erist st stics ics fire has involved more fuel oxygen supply has depleted heat accumulates at upper area temperature exceeds 1,330 F area is fully involved 3. SMO SMOLD LD LDER ER ERING ING PH PHASE ASE final phase of burning wherein flame ceases but dense smoke and heat completely fill the confined room MOD MODES ES O F HEAT T RAN RANSFE SFE SFER R Heat is by-product of combustion that is of significant importance to the firefighter. It is heat that causes fire to sustain its combustion and, more important, to extend. When heat given off as a product of combustion is exposed to an unheated substance, certain changes occur that can make the new substance a contributing factor in extending a fire.

CON CONDUC DUC DUCTIO TIO TION N heat transfer within solids or between contacting solids

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REYMAR G. MALICSI FIR FIRE E TE TECHN CHN CHNOL OL OLOGY OGY AND ARS ARSON ON INVE NVESTI STI STIGAT GAT GATIO IO ION N

When a hot object transfers its heat, conduction has taken place. The transfer could be to another object or to another portion of the same object. As we have discovered and will be constantly reinforced about, combustion occurs on the molecular level. When an object heats up, the atoms become agitated and begin to collide with one another. A chain reaction of molecules and atoms, like wave energy, occurs and causes the agitated molecules to pass the heat energy to areas of non-heat. CON CONVEC VEC VECTIO TIO TION N heat transfer by the movement of liquids or gasses Air that is hotter than its surroundings rises. Air that is cooler than its surroundings sinks. Air is made up of many molecules floating about freely. Even so, it still has weight. Some molecules are made up of the same element. For example, oxygen in its natural state will combine with another oxygen atom to form a stable oxygen molecule. In a given volume, air at a given temperature will have the same density. When heated, as in conduction theory, the molecules become agitated and begin to collide with one another. In the process, the molecules are demanding more space to accommodate the vibrations and they push into one another as they seek that space. When that happens, the density of a given volume is reduced and it weighs less. Because it weighs less, it rises until it reaches equilibrium-the level at which the weight is the same as the surrounding atmosphere. RAD RADIAT IAT IATIO IO ION N heat electromagnetic waves

transfer

by

The last form of heat transfer occurs by radiation. As we have already seen, heat energy can be transmitted directly when molecules collide with one another and cause the waves of heat energy to travel.

d. Temperature the measure of the thermal degree of the agitation of molecules of a given substance; the measure of the molecular activity within the substance e. Boiling Point the constant temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure f. Ignition temperature the minimum temperature to which the substance in the air must be heated in order to initiate or cause self-contained combustion without addition of heat from outside sources g. Fire point the temperature at which the material will give off ample vapors to keep burning h. Flash point the temperature at which the material is not hot enough to keep burning, but still gives off enough vapors to cause a flame across the surface 2. CHE CHEMIC MIC MICAL AL PR PROP OP OPERT ERT ERTIE IE IES S a. Endothermic reaction are changes whereby energy is absorbed or is added before the reaction takes place b. Exothermic reaction reactions or changes that releases or give off energy c. Oxidation a chemical change in which combustible material and an oxidizing material react d. Combustion or flame the manifestation of fire is in its gas-phased combustion; matter that is produced by fire. Mat Materi eri erial al Tem Tempe pe perat rat rature ure

FLA FLAME ME CON CONTAC TAC TACT T heat may be conducted from one body to another by direct flame contact

F C Gasoline 280 Kerosene 210 Turpentine 253 Paper 450 Wood 254 Coal 400

PRO PROPE PE PERTI RTI RTIES ES O F FIRE 1. Physical properties 2. Chemical Properties 1. PHY PHYSIC SIC SICAL AL PR PROPE OPE OPERT RT RTIES IES a. Specific gravity the ratio of the weight of a solid or substance to the weight of an equal volume of water b. Vapor density the weight of volume of pure gas compared to weight of a volume of dry air at the same temperature and pressure c. Vapor pressure

Ign Ignitio itio ition n

CLA CLASSIF SSIF SSIFICAT ICAT ICATIO IO IONS NS OF FI FIRE RE I.

BASE BASED D ON C AUS AUSE E a. Natural fire/ providential

536 410 488 842 489 750

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the force exerted by the molecules on the surface of the liquid at the equilibrium

b. Accidental fire c. Intentional Fire/Incendiary d. Undetermined

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REYMAR G. MALICSI FIR FIRE E TE TECHN CHN CHNOL OL OLOGY OGY AND ARS ARSON ON INVE NVESTI STI STIGAT GAT GATIO IO ION N

A. NAT NATURA URA URAL L FIR FIRE E involves fires without direct human intervention Examples: Earthquake Typhoon Lightning Spontaneous combustion arising from the storage of combustible materials in poorly ventilated places Explosion from petroleum products, alcohol and other substances Sun rays focused on glasses which may serve as a convex lens B. ACC ACCIDE IDE IDENTA NTA NTAL L FIR FIRE E Carelessly discarded cigarettes Careless disposition of readily combustible materials Poorly managed or defective heating facilities Overheating, spark and electrical defects Overload electric circuits/ Octopus connections Children playing matches Use of candles

II.

C. -

INCE INCEND ND NDIAR IAR IARY Y FIR FIRE E is one deliberately set under circumstances in which the person knows that the fire should not be set

D. -

UND UNDETE ETE ETERM RM RMINED INED FIRE C AUSE whenever the cause cannot be proven, the proper classification is undetermined

BASE BASED D ON B UR URNING NING FUEL

CLA CLASS SS A ordinary solid materials such as wood, paper, fabrics, etc. this will be indicated by deep cited fire, leaves ashes and embers (glowing coals) after burning CLA CLASS SS B flammable liquids such as gasoline, lube oil, kerosene, paint thinner, etc. CLA CLASS SS C electrical appliances; causes electric shock CLA CLASS SS D metal fire such as magnesium (white element burning with dazzling light), sodium (a silver white metallic element), etc.; creates violent reaction CLA CLASS SS E flammable gases such as LPG, LNG, etc.;

Fir Fire e Clas Classe se ses s in the U nite nited d Kin Kingdo gdo gdom m and E uro urope pe A – ordinary combustibles B – flammable or flammable liquids C – flammable gasses D – combustible metals E – (this class is no longer existing in Europe) F – cooking oils and fats Fir Fire e Clas Classe se ses s in Aust ustral ral ralia ia and Asia A – everyday combustibles B – combustible or combustible liquids C – combustible gasses D – combustible metals E – electrical equipment F – cooking fats and oils Fir Fire e Clas Classe se ses s in th the e U.S. U.S.A. A. (NFPA) A – regular combustibles B – flammable liquids and gasses C – electrical appliances D – combustible metals K – cooking oils and fats FIR FIRE E EXT EXTING ING INGUIS UIS UISHMEN HMEN HMENT T EXT EXTING ING INGUIS UIS UISHING HING AGEN GENT T 1. Class A – water (all agents) 2. Class B – foam/carbon dioxide (all agents) 3. Class C – carbon dioxide/powder (never use water, soda acid and foam) 4. Class D – special powder 5. Class E – all agents MET METHOD HOD HODS S OF E XT XTINGU INGU INGUISHM ISHM ISHMENT ENT 1. COO COOLIN LIN LING G – heat absorption. 2. SEP SEPARA ARA ARATIO TIO TION N – the removal of the fuel. 3. SMOT SMOTHE HE HERIN RIN RING G – by expelling oxygen 4. Inhi Inhibit bit bition ion o r th the e int interr err errupt upt uption ion o f che chemica mica micall chai chain n rea reacti cti ction on Str Strate ate ategie gie gies s Us Used ed in Fire irefig fig fightin htin hting: g: 1. Locate the fire 2. Confine the fire 3. Extinguish the fire 4. Exposures Fact Factor or ors s to C ons onsider ider i n Ex Extin tin tinguis guis guishm hm hment ent ent:: 1. Time 2. Weather (temperature, humidity, wind) 3. Fire ( ex. Extent, location, bldg construction, contents involved) 4. Occupancy 5. Ventilation (used for clearing the bldg of smoke and gases) Typ Types es of Vent entila ila ilatio tio tion: n: a. Vertical ventilation - must be worked from the top to bottom b. Cross or horizontal ventilation - used if gases have not reached the higher level through the opening of windows c. Mechanical force ventilation - a method whereby a device such as smoke ejector

also creates violent reaction

is utilized to remove faster excessive heat and dense smoke

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REYMAR G. MALICSI FIR FIRE E TE TECHN CHN CHNOL OL OLOGY OGY AND ARS ARSON ON INVE NVESTI STI STIGAT GAT GATIO IO ION N

Fact Factor or ors s to d ete eterm rm rmine ine the lo locati cati cation on f or the ope opening ning ning:: 1. Location of intensity of fire 2. Highest point on the roof 3. Direction of wind 4. Existing exposure 5. Extent of fire 6. Obstruction ADD ADDIT IT ITIONA IONA IONAL L BAS BASIC IC T ACT ACTICS ICS U SED I N EXT EXTING ING INGUIS UIS UISHING HING FIRE 1. RES RESCUE CUE - any action taken by the firefighters to remove occupants/ persons from building/ hazards to a safety place 2. OVE OVERH RH RHAUL AUL - a complete and detailed checked of the structures and materials involved in the fire to make sure that every spark and ember has been extinguished and to have assurance against re-ignition 3. SALV SALVAG AG AGE E - an action taken by the firefighters in preventing excessive damage by fire, water with the use of salvage cover or by removing materials out from the burning building Typ Types es of l adde adderr 1. Ground ladders (10 to 55 ft. long) 2. Aerial ladders Pur Purpos pos poses es of l adde adders rs a. for rescue b. to stretch line into a fire building c. to provide ventilation by giving access to places that are hard to reach For Forms ms o f gr groun oun ound d ladde ladders rs a. Wall b. Extension c. Hook or straight ladder d. Attic ladder

ARS ARSON ON INV INVEST EST ESTIGA IGA IGATIV TIV TIVE E GU GUIDE IDE AND PRO PROCE CE CEDUR DUR DURES ES ARS ARSON ON the willful and malicious burning of all kinds of buildings and structures including personal properties INV INVEST EST ESTIGA IGA IGATIO TIO TION N an art that deals with the identity and location of the offender and provides evidence of his guilt in criminal proceedings ELE ELEME ME MENTS NTS O F ARS ARSON ON 1. Actual burning took place 2. Actual burning is done with malicious intent 3. The actual burning is done by person(s) legally and criminally liable LAW AND JU JURIS RIS RISPRU PRU PRUDE DE DENCE NCE The law on arson in the Philippines is covered by Articles 320 to 326 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended by PD No. 1613, PD No. 1744, and Sec. 50 Rule VIII IRR of RA 6975 which provides that the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) shall have the power to investigate all causes of fires and, if necessary, file the proper complaint with the City/Provincial prosecutor who has jurisdiction over arson cases. LAW LAWS S ON AR ARSO SO SON N 1. Article 320 – 326 of the Revised Penal Code defines arson, its forms and penalties 2. PD 1613 – the law amending the law on arson defining the prima facie evidence of arson 3.

LAD LADDE DE DER R TE TERMIN RMIN RMINOL OL OLOGY OGY 1. Bed ladder - the lowest section of an extension ladder 2. Fly ladder - the top section of an extension ladder 3. Butt - the bottom end of a ladder 4. Heel - the part of the ladder that touches the ground 5. Halyard - a rope or cable used to raised the fly ladder 6. Pawl or dog - the mechanism located at the end of the fly ladder that locks to the bed ladder 7. Rung - the cross member of the ladder that is used for climbing 8. Top or tip - it is the top part of the ladder 9. Hooks - part of a ladder that is used to hook over a roof peak, sills, or walls where the heel does not rest on a foundation. (roof type ladders) 10. Stops - made of metal or wood blocks used to prevent the fly of an extension ladder from extending out further from

4.

RA 7659 An Act to Impose Death Penalty on Certain Heinous Crimes, amendi...