CE122-Chapter 4-Airport Runway PDF

Preview

Summary

CE 122. Transportation Engineering IICOhFSlides improved from the 2018 version prepared by:a ApIEngr. Ma. Bernadeth B. Lim, Ph.D. Ma. Bernadeth B. Lim, Ph.D. Marloe B. Sundo, Ph. O 4 R. ETVideo lecture delivered by: Video lecture delivered by: L REUMNEWNTAYS1 LEAt the end of this chapter, the studen...

Description

2/24/2021

CE 122. Transportation Engineering II

Ch Chap aptter 4. ELEM LEME ap ENTS AIRPOR ORTT RUNW RUNWA OF AIRP OR AY Video lecture delivered by:

Engr. Ma. Bernadeth B. Lim, Ph.D. Slides improved from the 2018 version prepared by:

Engr. Marloe B. Sundo, Ph.D. 1

LE LEAR AR ARN NIN ING G OBJE BJECTI CTI CTIVE VE VES: S: At the end of this chapter, the student should be able to: • Explain the different aircraft system components • Discuss the aircraft characteristics affecting the design of airports • Discuss the different airport runway configurations

2

2/24/2021

CONT ONTEN EN ENTTS: Aircraft System Components Aircraft Characteristics Affecting Airport Design Airport Runway Configurations

3

AIRP AIRPOR OR ORTT DEV DEVEL EL ELO OPMENT

December 17, 1903, Orville Wright piloted the first powered airplane 20 feet above the ground In Kitty Hawk, North Carolina

4

2

2/24/2021

AIRP AIRPOR OR ORTT DEV DEVEL EL ELO OPMENT RUNWAY

grassrootsairpark.com

www.dubaichronicle.com

5

AIRP AIRPOR OR ORTT AG AGEN EN ENCIE CIE CIESS • FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION (FAA) - primarily responsible for the advancement, safety and regulation of civil aviation, as well as overseeing the development of the air traffic control system and commercial space travel

6

3

2/24/2021

FAA'S MAJOR FUNCTIONS: • Regulating U.S. commercial space transportation • Regulating air navigation facilities' geometric and flight inspection standards • Encouraging and developing civil aeronautics, including new aviation technology • Issuing, suspending, or revoking pilot certificates • Regulating civil aviation to promote safety, especially through local offices called Flight Standards District Offices

7

FAA'S MAJOR FUNCTIONS: • Developing and operating a system of air traffic control and navigation for both civil and military aircraft • Researching and developing the National Airspace System and civil aeronautics • Developing and carrying out programs to control aircraft noise and other environmental effects of civil aviation

8

4

2/24/2021

FAA'S MAJOR FUNCTIONS: • Carries out FAR (Federal Aviation Regulations) FAR 23 and 25 (Certification of aircraft) FAR 121 (Operation of aircraft by air carriers) FAR 77 (Obstructions to navigation) • Provides designers and planners with Advisory Circulars (AC) AC 150/5060-5 (Airport Capacity and Delay) AC 150/5300-13 (Airport Design)

9

AIRP AIRPOR OR ORTT AG AGEN EN ENCIE CIE CIESS INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION (ICAO)

• Specialized agency of the United Nations (191 member states including Philippines) • Promotes and oversees aviation activities in the world

10

5

2/24/2021

AIRP AIRPOR OR ORTT AG AGEN EN ENCIE CIE CIESS CIVIL AERONAUTICS BOARD (CAB) • Establish and prescribe rules, regulations, and procedures for the promotion and development of the economic aspect of air transportation

11

AIRP AIRPOR OR ORTT AG AGEN EN ENCIE CIE CIESS CIVIL AERONAUTICS BOARD (CAB) • Establish & prescribe the corresponding rules & regulations in the enforcement and monitoring of compliance of the laws governing stakeholders engaged in air commerce

12

6

2/24/2021

AIRP AIRPOR OR ORTT AG AGEN EN ENCIE CIE CIESS CIVIL AERONAUTICS BOARD (CAB) • Determine, fix and/or prescribe charges and/or rates pertinent to the services in connection with air commerce

13

AIRP AIRPOR OR ORTT AG AGEN EN ENCIE CIE CIESS CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY OF THE PHILIPPINES (CAAP)  responsible for implementing policies on civil aviation in order to ensure safe, economical, and efficient air travel for the Philippine Aviation Industry

14

7

2/24/2021

AIRP AIRPOR OR ORTT SY SYSSTE TEM M COM OMPON PON PONEN EN ENTTS AIRSIDE • Runway – enables landing and takeoff of airplanes • Taxiway – provide a convenient means for aircraft to enter and exit a runway

15

AIRP AIRPOR OR ORTT SY SYST ST STE EM COM OMPON PON PONEN EN ENTTS

16

8

2/24/2021

AIRP AIRPOR OR ORTT SY SYSSTE TEM M COM OMPON PON PONEN EN ENTTS

theconstructor.org

17

AIRP AIRPOR OR ORTT SY SYSSTE TEM M COM OMPON PON PONEN EN ENTTS LANDSIDE • Apron – provides loading and unloading of passengers and cargo, refueling, servicing, maintenance and parking of aircraft

18

9

2/24/2021

AIRP AIRPOR OR ORTT SY SYST ST STE EM COM OMPON PON PONEN EN ENTTS

19

AIRP AIRPOR OR ORTT SY SYSSTE TEM M COM OMPON PON PONEN EN ENTTS

wikipedia.org

20

10

2/24/2021

AIRP AIRPOR OR ORTT SY SYSSTE TEM M COM OMPON PON PONEN EN ENTTS LANDSIDE

• Terminal – building where the passengers purchase tickets, transfer their luggage, and go through security

• Transport facilities

21

CONT ONTEN EN ENTTS: Aircraft System Components Aircraft Characteristics Affecting Airport Design Airport Runway Configurations

22

1

2/24/2021

AIR AIRCRA CRA CRAFT FT C CHA HA HARA RA RACTE CTE CTERIS RIS RISTTICS • Aircraft: a vehicle that is able to fly by gaining support from the air, or, in general, the atmosphere of a planet • general knowledge of aircraft characteristics is essential in planning airport facilities for their use

23

Assignment 1: 1. Watch this video: Designing airport runway. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5QZ3eozyQfU

24

1

2/24/2021

Assignment 1: Answer the following : 1. What did you see in the video? 2. What elements should be considered in designing an airport? 3. How do you calculate an element such as the basic field length?

25

Assignment 1: 2. Watch this video: Updates on airports. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zz14L2s3wQ

26

13

2/24/2021

Assignment 1: Answer the following: 1. What did you see in the video? 2. What are the airports being built/planned to be built under the build build build program? 3. What are the timelines and budget set for these?

27

Assignment 1: 3. Watch the video: Provincial airport in the Philippines. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dmWO0UMb23c

28

14

2/24/2021

Assignment 1: Answer the following: 1. What did you see in the video? 2. What are the provincial airports mentioned in the video? 3. What are the timelines and budget set for these?

29

AIR AIRCRA CRA CRAFT FT C CHA HA HARA RA RACTE CTE CTERIS RIS RISTTICS • Aircraft Characteristics Affecting the Design of Airports: 1. Weight 2. Size 3. Passenger Capacity 4. Required Length of Runway

30

15

2/24/2021

AIR AIRCRA CRA CRAFT FT C CHA HA HARA RA RACTE CTE CTERIS RIS RISTTICS • Aircraft Weight

• Affects design of thickness of runway, taxiway and apron pavements, as well as runway length

31

AIR AIRCRA CRA CRAFT FT C CHA HA HARA RA RACTE CTE CTERIS RIS RISTTICS COMPONENTS OF AIRCRAFT WEIGHT: 1. Operating Empty Weight (OEW) oBasic weight of the aircraft, including crew and all the necessary gear required for flight except payload and fuel oNot constant for aircraft, but varies with the seating configuration

32

16

2/24/2021

AIR AIRCRA CRA CRAFT FT C CHA HA HARA RA RACTE CTE CTERIS RIS RISTTICS COMPONENTS OF AIRCRAFT WEIGHT: 2. Zero Fuel Weight (ZFW) oTotal weight of the airplane and all its contents, minus the total weight of the fuel on board oAs a flight progresses and fuel is consumed, the total weight of the airplane reduces, but the ZFW remains constant

33

AIR AIRCRA CRA CRAFT FT C CHA HA HARA RA RACTE CTE CTERIS RIS RISTTICS COMPONENTS OF AIRCRAFT WEIGHT: 3. Payload (P) oTotal revenue-producing load oIncludes the weight of passengers and their baggage, mail, express, and cargo

34

17

2/24/2021

AIR AIRCRA CRA CRAFT FT C CHA HA HARA RA RACTE CTE CTERIS RIS RISTTICS COMPONENTS OF AIRCRAFT WEIGHT: 4. Maximum Structural Payload (MSP) oMaximum load the aircraft is certified to carry, whether this load be passengers, cargo, or a combination of both oMSP = ZFW - OEW

35

AIR AIRCRA CRA CRAFT FT C CHA HA HARA RA RACTE CTE CTERIS RIS RISTTICS COMPONENTS OF AIRCRAFT WEIGHT: 5. Maximum Ramp Weight (MRW) oMaximum weight authorized for ground maneuver, including taxi and run-up fuel

36

18

2/24/2021

AIR AIRCRA CRA CRAFT FT C CHA HA HARA RA RACTE CTE CTERIS RIS RISTTICS COMPONENTS OF AIRCRAFT WEIGHT: 6. Maximum Structural Takeoff Weight (MSTOW) oMaximum weight authorized at brake release for takeoff oIncludes the operating empty weight, trip and reserve fuel, and payload except the taxi and run-up fuel

37

AIR AIRCRA CRA CRAFT FT C CHA HA HARA RA RACTE CTE CTERIS RIS RISTTICS COMPONENTS OF AIRCRAFT WEIGHT: 7. Maximum Structural Landing Weight (MSLW) oStructural capability of the aircraft in landing omain gear is structurally designed to absorb the forces encountered during landing; the larger the forces, the heavier must be the gear

38

19

2/24/2021

AIR AIRCRA CRA CRAFT FT C CHA HA HARA RA RACTE CTE CTERIS RIS RISTTICS COMPONENTS OF AIRCRAFT WEIGHT: Aircraft Weight = OEW + P + Fuel (trip and reserve) • Trip Fuel: distance to be travelled, speed, altitude meteorological conditions and payload • Reserve Fuel: distance to alternate airport, length of trip, waiting time to land, and alternate flights

39

AIR AIRCRA CRA CRAFT FT C CHA HA HARA RA RACTE CTE CTERIS RIS RISTTICS COMPONENTS OF AIRCRAFT WEIGHT:

(During landing) Aircraft Weight = OEW + P + Fuel (reserve) • Shall not exceed the MSLW

40

20

2/24/2021

AIR AIRCRA CRA CRAFT FT C CHA HA HARA RA RACTE CTE CTERIS RIS RISTTICS COMPONENTS OF AIRCRAFT WEIGHT: (During take-off) Aircraft Weight = Landing weight + Fuel (trip) • Shall not exceed the MSTOW

41

AIR AIRCRA CRA CRAFT FT C CHA HA HARA RA RACTE CTE CTERIS RIS RISTTICS COMPONENTS OF AIRCRAFT WEIGHT: • All aircraft operating weight limits are established during the certification of the vehicle (FAR part 25 - for transport aircraft or FAR 23 for smaller aircraft)

42

2

2/24/2021

AIR AIRCRA CRA CRAFT FT C CHA HA HARA RA RACTE CTE CTERIS RIS RISTTICS AIRCRAFT SIZE: • Size (wingspan and length) influences the following: • Width of the runway and taxiway (turning radius) • Size of the parking aprons • Configuration of the terminal building

43

AIR AIRCRA CRA CRAFT FT C CHA HA HARA RA RACTE CTE CTERIS RIS RISTTICS AIRCRAFT SIZE: Wingspan Height of Aircraft Nose Gear Wheel Tread Front View

Main Gear Wheel Base

Side View

Figure 3-5. Characteristics and dimension of an aircraft

44

2

2/24/2021

AIR AIRCRA CRA CRAFT FT C CHA HA HARA RA RACTE CTE CTERIS RIS RISTTICS

45

Con Conccor orde de (Bri (Britis tis tish h Airw Airwaays)

46

23

2/24/2021

AIR AIRCRA CRA CRAFT FT C CHA HA HARA RA RACTE CTE CTERIS RIS RISTTICS AIRCRAFT SIZE: • geometry of movement of an aircraft is very important to determine the aircraft’s position on the apron adjacent to the terminal buildings and establishing the path of aircraft at other location on the airport

47

AIR AIRCRA CRA CRAFT FT C CHA HA HARA RA RACTE CTE CTERIS RIS RISTTICS AIRCRAFT SIZE: • It shall be noted that the turning radius of an aircraft is a function of the nose gear steering angle • The larger the angle, the smaller are the turning radius

48

24

2/24/2021

Characteristics and dimension of an aircraft (plan view)

49

TYPE OF PROPULSION AND THRUST-GENERATING ENGINE

Piston Engine (P) – applies to all propellerdriven aircraft powered by gasoline-fed reciprocating engines. It is common to most small general aviation aircraft. Turboprop (TP) – refers to propeller-driven aircraft powered by turbine engines.

50

25

2/24/2021

TYPE OF PROPULSION AND THRUSTGENERATING ENGINE Turbojets (TJ) – refers to those aircraft which are not dependent on propellers for thrust, but which obtain the thrust directly from a turbine engine. Its engine are consists of a compressor, a combustion chamber, and a turbine at the rear of the engine Turbofan (TF) – refers to the addition of the fan in the front or rear of a turbojet engine

51

Principal characteristics of the variety of aircraft

52

26

2/24/2021

Principal characteristics of the variety of aircraft

53

AIR AIRCRA CRA CRAFT FT C CHA HA HARA RA RACTE CTE CTERIS RIS RISTTICS PASSENGER CAPACITY (PAYLOAD): • Affects the design of terminal and facilities • Payload influenced significantly the range Range: • the maximum distance an aircraft can fly • usually inversely proportional to payload

54

27

2/24/2021

Pa

D

A

E B

Pb

Rd

Ra

Re

C Rb Rc

Figure 3-2. General Presentation of the relationship between Payload and Range

55

AIR AIRCRA CRA CRAFT FT C CHA HA HARA RA RACTE CTE CTERIS RIS RISTTICS REQUIRED LENGTH OF RUNWAY: Factors affecting runway length 1. Type of aircraft 2. Maximum weight of aircraft 3. Aircraft trip length 4. Airport elevation 5. Airport temperature 6. Surface winds 7. Gradient

56

28

2/24/2021

CONT ONTEN EN ENTTS: Aircraft System Components Aircraft Characteristics Affecting Airport Design Airport Runway Configurations

57

BASI ASIC C RUN RUNW WAY CO CONF NF NFIG IG IGUR UR URA ATIO TION N 1. Single Runway: one take-off or landing can occur at any one time, capacity is very limited

58

29

2/24/2021

BASI ASIC C RUN RUNW WAY CO CONF NF NFIG IG IGUR UR URA ATIO TION N 1. Single Runway

59

BASI ASIC C RUN RUNW WAY CO CONF NF NFIG IG IGUR UR URA ATIO TION N 2. Parallel Runway: necessary when a single runway will not suffice

60

30

2/24/2021

BASI ASIC C RUN RUNW WAY CO CONF NF NFIG IG IGUR UR URA ATIO TION N 2. Parallel Runway

61

BASI ASIC C RUN RUNW WAY CO CONF NF NFIG IG IGUR UR URA ATIO TION N 3. Intersecting Runway; likelihood of strong wind in more than one direction

62

3

2/24/2021

RUNWAY CONFIGURATIONS AND ORIENTATIONS

63

BASI ASIC C RUN RUNW WAY CO CONF NF NFIG IG IGUR UR URA ATIO TION N 4. Open-V Runway

64

3

2/24/2021

BASI ASIC C RUN RUNW WAY CO CONF NF NFIG IG IGUR UR URA ATIO TION N 4. Open-V Runway

65

RUN RUNW WAY CONFIG ONFIGU URA RATIO TIO TIONS NS & ORIE ORIENT NT NTA ATIO TION NS AFFECTING FACTORS: 1. Wind

2. Neighboring Airports and Airways 3. Topography 4. Restricted Area 5. Bird Hazards

6. Control Tower Visibility 7. Jet blast and wind tip vortices 8. Obstructions 9. Runway length 10. Environmental factors

66

33

2/24/2021

RUN RUNW WAY CONFIG ONFIGU URA RATIO TIO TIONS NS & O ORIE RIE RIENT NT NTA ATIO TION NS RUNWAY ORIENTATION: WIND • As a general rule, a runway should be oriented as closely as practicable in the direction of the prevailing winds (Figure 3-6)

67

RUN RUNW WAY CONFIG ONFIGU URA RATIO TIO TIONS NS & ORIE ORIENT NT NTA ATIO TION NS RUNWAY ORIENTATION: WIND  The maximum allowable crosswind depends on size of aircraft and runway length o o

Higher maximum crosswind: Bigger aircraft Longer runway

 The maximum allowable crosswind depends on size of aircraft and runway length

Airport Reference Code

Allowable Crosswind

A-I, B-I A-II, B-II A-III, B-III, C-I, C-II, C-III, C-IV A-IVM D-VI

19 km/hr 24 km/hr 30 km/hr 37 km/hr

68

34

2/24/2021

RUN RUNW WAY CONFIG ONFIGU URA RATIO TIO TIONS NS & ORIE ORIENT NT NTA ATIO TION NS RUNWAY ORIENTATION: WIND  Runway should be oriented so that 95% of the time that the crosswind is not exceeded • Wind coverage: (usability factor of airport) percentage of time in a year during which the crosswind remains within the limit  Wind Rose: Graphical way to add decompose vectors (derived from wind observations); Can be build from a piece of cardboard and a transparent template  Data requirements for Wind Rose: • record of 5-10 consecutive years of wind observation • arrange wind data according to velocity, direction and frequency of occurrence

69

RUN RUNW WAY CONFIG ONFIGU URA RATIO TIO TIONS NS & ORIE ORIENT NT NTA ATIO TION NS

70

35

2/24/2021

RUN RUNW WAY CONFIG ONFIGU URA RATIO TIO TIONS NS & ORIE ORIENT NT NTA ATIO TION NS Wind Rose Diagram (Method I)

71

RUN RUNW WAY CONFIG ONFIGU URA RATIO TIO TIONS NS & ORIE ORIENT NT NTA ATIO TION NS Wind Rose Diagram (Method II)

72

36

2/24/2021

RUN RUNW WAY CONFIG ONFIGU URA RATIO TIO TIONS NS & ORIE ORIENT NT NTA ATIO TION NS Wind Rose Diagram (Method II) • EW wind coverage: 97%

73

RUN RUNW WAY CONFIG ONFIGU URA RATIO TIO TIONS NS & ORIE ORIENT NT NTA ATIO TION NS Wind Rose Diagram (Method II)

74

37

2/24/2021

RUN RUNW WAY CONFIG ONFIGU URA RATIO TIO TIONS NS & ORIE ORIENT NT NTA ATIO TION NS RUNWAY CONFIGURATION: JET BLAST • Jet Blast: Wind forces created by jet engines/exhausts that can be harmful to people, buildings, and other aircrafts • The effects of jet blast should be considered when parallel runways are used • Operational areas affected by jet blast are terminal, maintenance and cargo areas • Blast velocities greater than 30 m.p.h. (48 km/hr) can cause loose objects on the pavement to become missiles • A jet engine operating at maximum thrust is capable of lifting a 2-foot (0.6 m) boulder 35 feet (10 m) behind the airplane completely off the ground • It can even throw or flip your car off the course several times. St. Maartin Beach

75

RUN RUNW WAY CONFIG ONFIGU URA RATIO TIO TIONS NS & ORIE ORIENT NT NTA ATIO TION NS • FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED: JET BLAST 1.

Jet blast pressures • Vibrations they induce over small areas should be considered in designing a building subjected to jet blast • Pressure produced on a surface perpendicular to the exhaust stream:

P = 0.00256V2 where: P = pressure (pounds per square foot) V = velocity (miles per hour)

76

38

2/24/2021

RUN RUNW WAY CONFIG ONFIGU URA RATIO TIO TIONS NS & ORIE ORIENT NT NTA ATIO TION NS • FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED: JET BLAST 1.

...