Central nervous system quiz review PDF

Preview

Summary

Central nervous system quiz review...

Description

Central Nervous System; includes the brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System; includes cranial nerves exiting from the brain and the peripheral nerves exiting from the spinal cord. **12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of peripheral nerves** Subdivisions of Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Nervous System; controls skeletal muscles (conscious control) Autonomic Nervous System; controls cardiac and smooth muscles (unconscious control) Enteric Nervous System; controls glands Autonomic and Enteric consist of Sympathetic Nervous System; uses energy or speeds up por increases body functions (fight or flight) Parasympathetic Nervous System; conserves energy or slows down or decreases body functions returning them to normal (digest, feed, breed) Neurons; functional unit of nervous system & elicits the electrical impulses Types of Neurons Multipolar; located in brain and spinal cord (motor) Bipolar; associated with special senses (sight, hearing, smelling, tasting & equilibrium) Unipolar; associated with general senses (crude touch, vibration, pain, cold/hot temperature, pressure & soft touch) Parts of Typical Neurons - Dendrites - Nucleus - Golgi Apparatus - Mitochondria - Myelin Sheath - Axon Hillock - Axon Terminals - Axon - Cell body/Soma - Synaptic end bulbs (contains neurotransmitter) - Synaptic Terminal - Node of Ranvier - Telodendria

Neuroglias; protect neurons 6 Types of Neuroglias 1. Astrocytes; Guides axons and synaptic support, controls the blood brain barrier and blood flow from infectious organisms. 2. Oligodendrocytes; Produces the myelin sheath in CNS 3. Microglia cells; engulf foreign materials and organisms in the process called phagocytosis 4. Ependymal cells; line the ventricles of the brain, have cilia which circulate the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Facilitates the unidirectional flow of the CSF which transports

nutrients to the cells of the brain and removes toxic metabolites (by-products of metabolism). 5. Neurolemmocytes; also called Schwann cells, produce the myelin sheath in the Peripheral Nervous System wrap around nerve tissue and cells to form a protective myelin sheath (which is comprised of 80 percent lipid and approximately 20 percent protein). Involved in nerve regeneration, repair and development, the conduction of nerve impulses and the provision of antigens to T-lymphocytes (a type of WBC that play a role in cell immunity). 6. Satellite cells; Inform the body about impending danger and stress, prepares it for an appropriate fight-or-flight response. Sensory ganglia lie in the PNS and detect sensory receptors. Satellite cells are involved in muscular repair and regeneration. Ganglion; A structure containing a number of nerve cell bodies, typically linked by synapses, and often forming a swelling or lump on a nerve fiber. -

Cell or muscle in negative state; polarized Excited “wake up” cell or muscle in positive state; depolarized

Spinal cord starts at medulla oblongata, ends at Filum terminale Medulla oblongata -> L1/Cauda equina -> Filum terminale Medulla oblongata; the continuation of the spinal cord within the skull, forming the lowest part of the brainstem and containing control centers for the heart and lungs. Cauda equina; bundle of spinal nerve roots (dorsal and ventral) in the lumbar cistern (subarachnoid space) within the vertebral canal caudal to the termination of the spinal cord. (Resembles a horse's tail) Filum terminale; consists primarily of pia mater. Serves to anchor the end of the spinal cord (conus medullaris). Has two regions: internum which ends at S2 (within the lumbar cistern) and the externum (which pierces the arachnoid and traverses the sacral hiatus-bony canal- to attach at C1) connects to coccyx Axons Axon collateral; is a branch of the main axon and usually feeds back onto the soma. Its function is to provide modulation and regulation of the cell firing pattern. Along the axon, the transmission of the depolarization wave happens. Motor Neuron; nerve cell that carries signals from the CNS to muscles or glands Sensory Neuron; nerve cell that carries information from the environment to the central nervous system Reflexes - Sensory Receptor; specialized cell that transmits signals to sensory neurons - Sensory Neuron - Integrating Center; involves one synapse (monosynaptic reflex arc) or two or more synapses (polysynaptic reflex arc) in the gray matter of the spinal cord. - Motor Neuron - Effector Neuron; transmits impulses from the central nervous system to an effector in order to bring about a physiological response to changes in the environment.

-

Dendrites; hit the effector at the synapse (synaptic gap)

Review Questions Fill in the Blank 1. The portion of the nervous system that responds to changes is called the _________ portion. 2. The portion of the nervous system that reacts to these changes is called the _________ portion. 3. The division of the nervous system that includes the brain and the spinal cord is referred to as the ___________. 4. The division of the nervous system that includes the cranial nerves and the peripheral nerves is referred to as the ___________. 5. There are ____________ of cranial nerves. 6. There are ____________ of spinal nerves. 7. The subdivision if the peripheral nervous system that controls skeletal muscle activity is the ____________. 8. The subdivision if the peripheral nervous system that controls cardiac and smooth muscle activity is the ____________. 9. The subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that is referred to as “fight or flight” is the ____________. 10. The subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that is referred to as “rest and digest” is the ____________. 11. The nerves that elicit electrical impulses are the ____________. 12. The nerve cells that have a supporting role are the ____________. 13. Neurons that are found mostly in the brain and spinal cord are the ____________. 14. Neurons that are associated with special senses are the ____________. 15. Neurons that are associated with general senses are the ____________. 16. A word that means “nerve pain” ____________. 19 17. A word that means “nerve inflammation” ____________. 20 Matching 1. Neurolemmocytes 2. Astrocytes 3. Oligodendrocytes 4. Satellite cells 5. Ganglion 6. Ependymal cells 7. Microglia cells Answers Fill in the Blank

A. Also called Schwann cells B. Form myelin sheath in the CNS C. “Swelling or Lump” D. Responsible for phagocytosis E. Circulate cerebrospinal fluid F. Support cell bodies in the ganglion G. Blood-brain barrier

1. Sensory 2. Motor 3. Central nervous system 4. Peripheral nervous system 5. 12 pairs 6. 31 pairs 7. Somatic nervous system 8. Autonomic nervous system 9. Sympathetic 10. Parasympathetic 11. Neurons 12. Neuroglia cells 13. Multipolar neurons 14. Bipolar neurons 15. Unipolar neurons 16. Neuralgia 17. Neuritis Matching 1. A 2. G 3. B 4. F 5. C 6. E 7. D...