Ch 18 Public and Private Financing Initial Offerings Seasoned Offerings and Investment Banks PDF

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Ch 18 Public and Private Financing: Initial Offerings, Seasoned Offerings, and Investment Banks 1. Going public establishes a market value for the firm's stock, and it also ensures that a liquid market will continue to exist for the firm's shares. This is especially true for small firms that are not widely followed by security analysts. a. True b. False ANSWER: False False. Going public does establish the firm's market value, but it does not ensure that a liquid RATIONALE: market will continue to exist, and this is especially true for small firms that are not widely followed.

1 Difficulty: Moderate True / False False FMTP.EHRH.17.18.02 - LO: 18-2 United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking United States - AK - DISC: Investments and hybrid fin - DISC: Investments and hybrid financing LOCAL STANDARDS: United States - OH - Default City - TBA TOPICS: Going public KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension DATE CREATED: 8/26/2015 10:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 8/26/2015 10:47 AM QUESTION ID: JFND-GO4G-EO4R-NQJS QUESTION GLOBAL ID: GCID-E7BW-1TBP-CO3U-EAMN-GBOS-NA3W-C3O1-43J1-GIO1-4P5N-GW4N-4CBZCRAN-4CMG-GA3G-CCDF-CJDI-GWN8-EPRW-EMJS-GHAU-C3DD-GY3G-GQJOGWSU-OCUR-8RSU-O3JO-GOSU-KPJ3-GYSS-GAMD-CRAD-KQMB-E7JI-YT4D-JFNN4OTI-GO4W-NQNBEE POINTS: DIFFICULTY: QUESTION TYPE: HAS VARIABLES: LEARNING OBJECTIVES: NATIONAL STANDARDS: STATE STANDARDS:

2. The cost of meeting SEC and possibly additional state reporting requirements regarding disclosure of financial information, the danger of losing control, and the possibility of an inactive market and an attendant low stock price are potential disadvantages of going public. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FMTP.EHRH.17.18.02 - LO: 18-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking STATE STANDARDS: United States - AK - DISC: Investments and hybrid fin - DISC: Investments and hybrid financing LOCAL STANDARDS: United States - OH - Default City - TBA TOPICS: Disadvantages of going public KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension DATE CREATED: 8/26/2015 10:47 AM Page 1

Ch 18 Public and Private Financing: Initial Offerings, Seasoned Offerings, and Investment Banks DATE MODIFIED: 8/26/2015 10:47 AM QUESTION ID: JFND-GO4G-EO4R-NQJI QUESTION GLOBAL ID: GCID-E7BW-1TBP-CO3U-EAMN-GBOS-NA3W-C3O1-43J1-GIO1-4P5N-GW4N-4CBZCRAN-4CMG-GA3G-CCDF-CJDI-GWN8-EPRW-EMMN-GTTU-GPJ3-8F1S-CPTZ-GESUE3MR-8RSU-EAUF-GOSS-R3TO-GCSU-YCBT-8F1G-CAUG-E7JI-YT4D-JFNN-4OTIGO4W-NQNBEE 3. Which of the following is generally NOT true and an advantage of going public? a. Increases the liquidity of the firm's stock. b. Makes it easier to obtain new equity capital. c. Establishes a market value for the firm. d. Makes it easier for owner-managers to engage in profitable self-dealings. e. Facilitates stockholder diversification. ANSWER: d Publicly owned firms are regulated by the SEC, and this limits the sort of deals that the RATIONALE: owner/managers of private companies can make with themselves.

1 Difficulty: Moderate Multiple Choice False FMTP.EHRH.17.18.02 - LO: 18-2 United States - BUSPROG: Analytic United States - AK - DISC: Investments and hybrid fin - DISC: Investments and hybrid financing LOCAL STANDARDS: United States - OH - Default City - TBA TOPICS: Going public KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analysis OTHER: TYPE: Multiple Choice: Conceptual DATE CREATED: 8/26/2015 10:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 8/26/2015 10:47 AM QUESTION ID: JFND-GO4G-EO4R-NQJW QUESTION GLOBAL ID: GCID-E7BW-1TBP-CO3U-EAMN-GBOS-NA3W-C3O1-43J1-GIO1-4P5N-GW4N-4CBZCRAN-4CMG-GA3G-CCDF-CJDI-GWN8-EPRW-EMJ3-GY3U-NCBT-CP1D-KCDG8RSU-QC3O-8RSU-OATA-GOSS-NA3T-GYSU-GQJZ-GHAD-GPMR-E7JI-YT4D-JFNN4OTI-GO4W-NQNBEE POINTS: DIFFICULTY: QUESTION TYPE: HAS VARIABLES: LEARNING OBJECTIVES: NATIONAL STANDARDS: STATE STANDARDS:

4. Which of the following statements about listing on a stock exchange is most CORRECT? a. Any firm can be listed on the NYSE as long as it pays the listing fee. b. Listing provides a company with some "free" advertising, and it may enhance the firm's prestige and help it do more business. c. Listing reduces the reporting requirements for firms, because listed firms file reports with the exchange rather than with the SEC. d. The OTC is the second largest market for listed stock, and it is exceeded only by the NYSE. e. Listing is a decision of more significance to a firm than going public. ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 Page 2

Ch 18 Public and Private Financing: Initial Offerings, Seasoned Offerings, and Investment Banks Difficulty: Moderate Multiple Choice False FMTP.EHRH.17.18.02 - LO: 18-2 United States - BUSPROG: Analytic United States - AK - DISC: Investments and hybrid fin - DISC: Investments and hybrid financing LOCAL STANDARDS: United States - OH - Default City - TBA TOPICS: Listing KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analysis OTHER: TYPE: Multiple Choice: Conceptual DATE CREATED: 8/26/2015 10:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 8/26/2015 10:47 AM QUESTION ID: JFND-GO4G-EO4R-NTKN QUESTION GLOBAL ID: GCID-E7BW-1TBP-CO3U-EAMN-GBOS-NA3W-C3O1-43J1-GIO1-4P5N-GW4N-4CBZCRAN-4CMG-GA3G-CCDF-CJDI-GWN8-EPRW-EMMR-CO5S-GPB3-GR5S-E3TI-COSURQJI-8RSU-CPMD-GOSS-GQMG-CASS-NC31-GWAS-NCBU-E7JI-YT4D-JFNN-4OTIGO4W-NQNBEE DIFFICULTY: QUESTION TYPE: HAS VARIABLES: LEARNING OBJECTIVES: NATIONAL STANDARDS: STATE STANDARDS:

5. The term "leaving money on the table" refers to the situation where an investment banking house makes a very low bid for the right to underwrite a firm's new stock offering. The banker is, in effect, "buying the job" with the low bid and thus not getting all the money his firm would normally earn on the job. a. True b. False ANSWER: False False. Leaving money on the table occurs when a security issue is underpriced. RATIONALE: POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FMTP.EHRH.17.18.03 - LO: 18-3 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking STATE STANDARDS: United States - AK - DISC: Investments and hybrid fin - DISC: Investments and hybrid financing LOCAL STANDARDS: United States - OH - Default City - TBA TOPICS: IPOs KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension DATE CREATED: 8/26/2015 10:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 8/26/2015 10:47 AM QUESTION ID: JFND-GO4G-EO4R-NTKB QUESTION GLOBAL ID: GCID-E7BW-1TBP-CO3U-EAMN-GBOS-NA3W-C3O1-43J1-GIO1-4P5N-GW4N-4CBZCRAN-4CMG-GA3G-CCDF-CJDI-GWN8-EPRW-EMJS-GR3S-GPJI-CR3D-NQB3-CCSUECBW-8RSU-EQDF-GOSU-NA5R-GHSS-NCDG-CR5S-CPJA-E7JI-YT4D-JFNN-4OTIGO4W-NQNBEE Page 3

Ch 18 Public and Private Financing: Initial Offerings, Seasoned Offerings, and Investment Banks 6. Whereas commercial banks take deposits from some customers and make loans to other customers, the principal activities of investment banks are (1) to help firms issue new stock and bonds and (2) to give firms advice with regard to mergers and other financial matters. However, financial corporations often own and operate subsidiaries that operate as commercial banks and others that are investment banks. This was not true some years ago, when the two types of banks were required by law to be completely independent of one another. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FMTP.EHRH.17.18.03 - LO: 18-3 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking STATE STANDARDS: United States - AK - DISC: Investments and hybrid fin - DISC: Investments and hybrid financing LOCAL STANDARDS: United States - OH - Default City - TBA TOPICS: Investment banking KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension DATE CREATED: 8/26/2015 10:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 8/26/2015 10:47 AM QUESTION ID: JFND-GO4G-EO4R-NTJ3 QUESTION GLOBAL ID: GCID-E7BW-1TBP-CO3U-EAMN-GBOS-NA3W-C3O1-43J1-GIO1-4P5N-GW4N-4CBZCRAN-4CMG-GA3G-CCDF-CJDI-GWN8-EPRW-EMMB-8R3G-KAUR-CP1U-EA5RCASU-1PJS-8RSS-KC5R-GOSS-RC3I-CASS-KC3A-GY3U-YP5G-E7JI-YT4D-JFNN4OTI-GO4W-NQNBEE 7. In its negotiations with its investment bankers, Patton Electronics has reached an agreement whereby the investment bankers receive a smaller fee now (6% of gross proceeds versus their normal 10%) but also receive a 1-year option to purchase an additional 200,000 shares at $5.00 per share. Patton will go public by selling $5,000,000 of new common stock. The investment bankers expect to exercise the option and purchase the 200,000 shares in exactly one year, when the stock price is forecasted to be $6.50 per share. However, there is a chance that the stock price will actually be $12.00 per share one year from now. If the $12 price occurs, what would the present value of the entire underwriting compensation be? Assume that the investment banker's required return on such arrangements is 15%, and ignore taxes. a. $1,235,925 b. $1,300,973 c. $1,369,446 d. $1,441,522 e. $1,517,391 ANSWER: e RATIONALE: Gross funds: $5,000,000 Current price: $5.00

Small fee: Normal fee: Option shares:

6% 10% 200,000

Expected price: Possible price: Required return:

$6.50 $12.00 15%

Fee received now = 6% ×$5,000,000 = $300,000 Additional fee: Option profit if the stock price is $12 in 1 year = ($12 −$5) ×200,000 = $1,400,000 PV of total compensation if $12 price = $300,000 + $1,400,000/(1.15)1 = $1,517,391 Page 4

Ch 18 Public and Private Financing: Initial Offerings, Seasoned Offerings, and Investment Banks 1 Difficulty: Moderate Multiple Choice False FMTP.EHRH.17.18.03 - LO: 18-3 United States - BUSPROG: Analytic United States - AK - DISC: Investments and hybrid fin - DISC: Investments and hybrid financing LOCAL STANDARDS: United States - OH - Default City - TBA TOPICS: Investment bankers' compensation KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analysis OTHER: TYPE: Multiple Choice: Problem DATE CREATED: 8/26/2015 10:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 8/26/2015 10:47 AM QUESTION ID: JFND-GO4G-EO4R-NTJA QUESTION GLOBAL ID: GCID-E7BW-1TBP-CO3U-EAMN-GBOS-NA3W-C3O1-43J1-GIO1-4P5N-GW4N-4CBZCRAN-4CMG-GA3G-CCDF-CJDI-GWN8-EPRW-EMJZ-GOAU-R3T1-CC3D-1PUD-8YSUGQBO-CRSU-GPUR-GOSS-EAMR-GCSU-YCMR-CEAS-NQB1-E7JI-YT4D-JFNN-4OTIGO4W-NQNBEE POINTS: DIFFICULTY: QUESTION TYPE: HAS VARIABLES: LEARNING OBJECTIVES: NATIONAL STANDARDS: STATE STANDARDS:

8. The term "equity carve-out" refers to the situation where a firm's managers give themselves the right to purchase new stock at a price far below the going market price. Since this dilutes the value of the public stockholders, it "carves out" some of their value. a. True b. False ANSWER: False False. An equity carve-out occurs when there is only a partial public offering. In other words, RATIONALE: the public is sold equity in a wholly owned subsidiary but the parent retains full control of the subsidiary by retaining the majority of the subsidiary's common stock.

1 Difficulty: Moderate True / False False FMTP.EHRH.17.18.04 - LO: 18-4 United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking United States - AK - DISC: Investments and hybrid fin - DISC: Investments and hybrid financing LOCAL STANDARDS: United States - OH - Default City - TBA TOPICS: Equity carve-outs KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension DATE CREATED: 8/26/2015 10:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 8/26/2015 10:47 AM QUESTION ID: JFND-GO4G-EO4R-NTKG QUESTION GLOBAL ID: GCID-E7BW-1TBP-CO3U-EAMN-GBOS-NA3W-C3O1-43J1-GIO1-4P5N-GW4N-4CBZCRAN-4CMG-GA3G-CCDF-CJDI-GWN8-EPRW-EMMF-GEAU-N3UN-8RAU-NCTOPOINTS: DIFFICULTY: QUESTION TYPE: HAS VARIABLES: LEARNING OBJECTIVES: NATIONAL STANDARDS: STATE STANDARDS:

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Ch 18 Public and Private Financing: Initial Offerings, Seasoned Offerings, and Investment Banks GASU-KCBS-CESS-RQBS-GOSU-K3DG-8YSU-RA3Z-GC3G-KPDB-E7JI-YT4D-JFNN4OTI-GO4W-NQNBEE 9. If its managers make a tender offer and buy all shares that were not held by the management team, this is called a private placement. a. True b. False ANSWER: False False. In a private placement, securities are sold to one or a few investors, generally RATIONALE: institutional investors. Private placements are most common with bonds, but they also occur with stocks.

1 Difficulty: Easy True / False False FMTP.EHRH.17.18.05 - LO: 18-5 United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking United States - AK - DISC: Investments and hybrid fin - DISC: Investments and hybrid financing LOCAL STANDARDS: United States - OH - Default City - TBA TOPICS: Private placements KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 8/26/2015 10:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 8/26/2015 10:47 AM QUESTION ID: JFND-GO4G-EO4R-NQJU QUESTION GLOBAL ID: GCID-E7BW-1TBP-CO3U-EAMN-GBOS-NA3W-C3O1-43J1-GIO1-4P5N-GW4N-4CBZCRAN-4CMG-GA3G-CCDF-CJDI-GWN8-EPRW-EMMB-8YHU-1CJA-GTTU-OATZGOSU-YCTA-CESS-NQDB-GOSS-G3TO-CWSS-EPT1-G31U-1QB3-E7JI-YT4D-JFNN4OTI-GO4W-NQNBEE POINTS: DIFFICULTY: QUESTION TYPE: HAS VARIABLES: LEARNING OBJECTIVES: NATIONAL STANDARDS: STATE STANDARDS:

10. Which of the following statements is most CORRECT? a. Private placements occur most frequently with stocks, but bonds can also be sold in a private placement. b. Private placements are convenient for issuers, but the convenience is offset by higher flotation costs. c. The SEC requires that all private placements be handled by a registered investment banker. d. Private placements can generally bring in funds faster than is the case with public offerings. e. In a private placement, securities are sold to private (individual) investors rather than to institutions. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: QUESTION TYPE: HAS VARIABLES: LEARNING OBJECTIVES: NATIONAL STANDARDS: STATE STANDARDS: Page 6

d 1 Difficulty: Moderate Multiple Choice False FMTP.EHRH.17.18.05 - LO: 18-5 United States - BUSPROG: Analytic United States - AK - DISC: Investments and hybrid fin - DISC: Investments and hybrid financing

Ch 18 Public and Private Financing: Initial Offerings, Seasoned Offerings, and Investment Banks LOCAL STANDARDS: United States - OH - Default City - TBA TOPICS: Private placements KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analysis OTHER: TYPE: Multiple Choice: Conceptual DATE CREATED: 8/26/2015 10:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 8/26/2015 10:47 AM QUESTION ID: JFND-GO4G-EO4R-NQJ1 QUESTION GLOBAL ID: GCID-E7BW-1TBP-CO3U-EAMN-GBOS-NA3W-C3O1-43J1-GIO1-4P5N-GW4N-4CBZCRAN-4CMG-GA3G-CCDF-CJDI-GWN8-EPRW-EMMR-GHAG-ECUG-8FOS-RP5DGWSU-1C5D-8YSU-13BW-GOSS-NA3I-CWSU-1C3T-GAHU-NAUF-E7JI-YT4D-JFNN4OTI-GO4W-NQNBEE 11. Which of the following statements concerning common stock and the investment banking process is NOT CORRECT? a. If a firm sells 1,000,000 new shares of Class B stock, the transaction occurs in the primary market. b. Listing a large firm's stock is often considered to be beneficial to stockholders because the increases in liquidity and reputation probably outweigh the additional costs to the firm. c. Stockholders have the right to elect the firm's directors, who in turn select the officers who manage the business. If stockholders are dissatisfied with management's performance, an outside group may ask the stockholders to vote for it in an effort to take control of the business. This action is called a tender offer. d. The announcement of a large issue of new stock could cause the stock price to fall. This loss is called "market pressure," and it is treated as a flotation cost because it is a cost to stockholders that is associated with the new issue. e. The preemptive right gives each existing common stockholder the right to purchase his or her proportionate share of a new stock issue. ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FMTP.EHRH.17.18.05 - LO: 18-5 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Analytic STATE STANDARDS: United States - AK - DISC: Investments and hybrid fin - DISC: Investments and hybrid financing LOCAL STANDARDS: United States - OH - Default City - TBA TOPICS: Investment banking process KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analysis OTHER: TYPE: Multiple Choice: Conceptual DATE CREATED: 8/26/2015 10:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 8/26/2015 10:47 AM QUESTION ID: JFND-GO4G-EO4R-NQJT QUESTION GLOBAL ID: GCID-E7BW-1TBP-CO3U-EAMN-GBOS-NA3W-C3O1-43J1-GIO1-4P5N-GW4N-4CBZCRAN-4CMG-GA3G-CCDF-CJDI-GWN8-EPRW-EMJZ-8Y5U-YQBA-CA3U-CCDBGRSS-GC33-8YSU-QATW-GOSU-G3DF-GASS-EPBZ-CFOU-13JU-E7JI-YT4D-JFNN4OTI-GO4W-NQNBEE Page 7

Ch 18 Public and Private Financing: Initial Offerings, Seasoned Offerings, and Investment Banks 12. Which of the following statements is NOT CORRECT? a. "Going public" establishes a firm's true intrinsic value and ensures that a liquid market will always exist for the firm's shares. b. Publicly owned companies have sold shares to investors who are not associated with management, and they must register with and report to a regulatory agency such as the SEC. c. When stock in a closely held corporation is offered to the public for the first time, the transaction is called "going public," and the market for such stock is called the new issue market. d. It is possible for a firm to go public and yet not raise any additional new capital. e. When a corporation's shares are owned by a few individuals who own most of the stock or are part of the firm's management, we say that the firm is "closely, or privately, held." ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FMTP.EHRH.17.18.05 - LO: 18-5 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Analytic STATE STANDARDS: United States - AK - DISC: Investments and hybrid fin - DISC: Investments and hybrid financing LOCAL STANDARDS: United States - OH - Default City - TBA TOPICS: Investment banking process KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analysis OTHER: TYPE: Multiple Choice: Conceptual DATE CREATED: 8/26/2015 10:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 8/26/2015 10:47 AM QUESTION ID: JFND-GO4G-EO4R-NQJO QUESTION GLOBAL ID: GCID-E7BW-1TBP-CO3U-EAMN-GBOS-NA3W-C3O1-43J1-GIO1-4P5N-GW4N-4CBZCRAN-4CMG-GA3G-CCDF-CJDI-GWN8-EPRW-EMJO-8Y4U-GCJO-CO3G-CAJZ-8RSSECBT-CRSS-RC3T-GOSU-GCJ1-CCSU-GAJI-CO3G-KPMG-E7JI-YT4D-JFNN-4OTIGO4W-NQNBEE 13. To finance its ongoing construction project, Bowen-Roth Inc. will need $5,000,000 of new capital during each of the next 3 years. The firm has a choice of issuing new debt or equity each year as the funds are needed, or issue only debt now and equity later. Its target capital structure is 40% debt and 60% equity, and it wants to be at that structure in 3 years, when the project has been completed. Debt flotation costs for a single debt issue would be 1.6% of the gross debt proceeds. Yearly flotation costs for 3 separate issues of debt would be 3.0% of the gross amount. Ignoring time value effects, how much would the firm save by raising all of the debt now, in a single issue, rather than in 3 separate issues? a. $79,425 b. $83,606 c. $88,006 d. $92,406 e. $97,027 ANSWER: c RATIONALE: Flotation%, 3 issues: 3.0% Flotation %, 1 issue: 1.6% Total funds needed = 3 ×$5,000,000 = $15,000,000 Total debt needed = 40% ×$15,000,000 = $6,000,000 Debt/year if use 3 separate issues = Total debt/3 = $2,000,000 Grossed-up Page 8

Ch 18 Public and Private Financing: Initial Offerings, Seasoned Offerings, and Investment Banks debt if use a single issue = Net debt needed/(1 −F) = $6,000,000/(1 −0.016) = $6,097,561 Flotation cost for single issue: Gross debt −Proceeds to company = $97,561 Gross debt with 3 issues: Net debt needed/(1 −F) = $6,000,000/(1 −0.03) = $6,185,567 Flotation cost for yearly issues: Gross debt −Proceeds to company = $185,567 Difference = Additional cost of 3 issues: $185,567 −$97,561 = $88,006

1 Difficulty: Moderate Multiple Choice False FMTP.EHRH.17.18.05 - LO: 18-5 United States - BUSPROG: Analytic United States - AK - DISC: Investments and hybrid fin - DISC: Investments and hybrid financing LOCAL STANDARDS: United States - OH - Default City - TBA TOPICS: Flotation costs KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analysis OTHER: TYPE: Multiple Choice: Problem DATE CREATED: 8/26/2015 10:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 8/26/2015 10:47 AM QUESTION ID: JFND-GO4G-EO4R-NQJZ QUESTION GLOBAL ID: GCID-E7BW-1TBP-CO3U-EAMN-GBOS-NA3W-C3O1-43J1-GIO1-4P5N-GW4N-4CBZCRAN-4CMG-GA3G-CCDF-CJDI-GWN8-EPRW-EMJS-CJ1S-GA3U-GE4U-YQJ3-GYSUCPBO-CESU-KAUD-GOSS-CQDB-8RSS-R3DG-GCAG-NCBU-E7JI-YT4D-JFNN-4OTIGO4W-NQNBEE POINTS: DIFFICULTY: QUESTION TYPE: HAS VARIABLES: LEARNING OBJECTIVES: NATIONAL STANDARDS: STATE STANDARDS:

14. Suppose a c...