CH 2 Convergence - chapter 2 PDF

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18030s – birth of the mass media system as we know it today 1945 – supreme court justice hugo black claims that a free press is a condition of a free society 1950s – television displaces radio 1967 – Richard dawkins introduces the term “meme” 1982 – 60% of journalists say they had complete freedom to choose their stories, as opposed to 34% 25 years later after explosion of concentration and conglomeration 1966 – DVD introduced 2004 – facebook debuts 2012 – facebook buys Instagram 2014 – apple buys beats music; youtube buys twitch 2015 – actavision buys game company king digital entertainment; at&t buys directTV 2016 – pepe the frog becomes a hate symbol due to meme portrayals news deserts proliferate 2017  

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– the eclipse megamovie project

2018 – state of new jersey funds local journalism; Sirius XM buys pandora Although Americans spend over $11 billion a year at the movies, they continue to buy fewer tickets per person every year than they did in the past (Edelstein, 2018). Only 13% of Americans go to the movies once a month or more (“How Frequently,” 2018). Page 33 From 2016 to 2018 sales of physical music albums (CDs and vinyl) fell 9%; digital album sales fell 8%; and individual digital soundtracks also dipped 8% (Richter, 2018b). Fifteen years ago, the four major broadcast networks commanded 61% of all television viewing. Today their share hovers around 30%. The top-rated program in 1980 was Dallas, viewed in more than 34% of all homes with a television. In 1990 it was Cheers, watched by 21% of all TV homes. Today a top-rated show, such as America’s Got Talent, will draw about 7%. From 2016 to 2017, spending on DVDs and Blu-ray discs fell 14%, rentals from kiosks fell 7%, and rentals from brick-and-mortar stores fell 20% (Richter, 2018a). Daily circulation for American print newspapers fell 11% from 2016 to 2017, and advertising revenue dropped 10% (Barthel, 2018). The U.S. magazine industry saw a 5% drop in circulation from 2016 to 2017 (Stuart-Turner, 2018). The number of radio listeners grew only 1% from 2016 to 2017; time spent listening to radio declined 1% in that time (Pollack, 2018).

Media multitasking – simultaneously consuming many different kinds of media Electronic sell-through (EST) – buying of digital download movies Platform agnostic – having no preference where media content is accessed Convergence – the erosion of traditional distinctions among media

Concentration of ownership – ownership of different and numerous media companies concentrated in fewer and fewer hands Economies of scale – concept that relative cost declines as the size of the endeavor grows Oligopoly – a media system whose operation is dominated by a few large companies Globalization -ownership of media companies by multinational corporations Audience fragmentation – audience for specific media content becoming smaller and increasingly homogeneous Narrowcasting – aiming broadcast programming at smaller, more demographically homogeneous audiences Niche marketing – aiming media content or consumer products at smaller, more demographically homogeneous audiences Targeting – aiming media content or consumer products at smaller, more specific audiences Zonecasting – technology allowing radio stations to deliver different commercials to specific neighborhoods Location-based mobile advertising – technology allowing marketers to send targeted ads to people where they are in the moment Addressable technologies – technology permitting the transmission of very specific content to equally specific audience members Taste publics – groups of people or audiences bound by little more than their interest in a given form of media content Hypercommercialism – increasing the amount of advertising and mixing commercial and noncommercial media content Product placement – the integration, for a fee, of specific branded products into media content Brand entertainment – when commercials are part of and essential to a piece of media content Payola – payment made by recording companies to DJs to air their records Webisode – web-only television show Wi-fi – wireless internet Synergy – the use by media conglomerates of as many channels of delivery as possible for similar content Blogs – regularly updated online journal Cost of entry – amount of money necessary to begin media content production RSS (really simple syndication) – aggregators following web users to create their own content assembled from the internet’s limitless supply of material

Appointment consumption – audiences consume content at a time predetermined by the producer and distributor Consumption on demand – the ability to access any content, anytime, anywhere Meme – an online idea or image that is repeatedly copied, manipulated and shared Day-to-date release – simultaneously releasing a moving to the public in some combination of theater, cable, DVD, and download Conglomeration – the increase of ownership of media outlets by nonmedia companies News desert – communities starved for news vital to their existences due to lack of journalistic resources Community information district (CiD) – special service district paid for by taxes or annual fees assessed in a geographic area to support local journalism

To what does the term "day-and-date release" refer? releasing a movie in a combination of theater, DVD, download, or video-ondemand simultaneously

Why are media industries in turmoil? Advances in technology have provided many new ways to deliver content to specific audiences. True or false: New technologies that have changed the way we interact with mass media have caused a great deal of turmoil for the established media industries. True Software for mobile digital devices is known as an app. Home television is an example of a media platform.

True or false: The "day-and-date release" experiment has been largely unsuccessful, as it makes it seem like the producers already know the program will fail. False Which of the following statements regarding U.S. box office revenue in the twenty-first century are true? Box office revenue is generated by fewer tickets per person each year. Box office revenue reaches over $11 billion per year. Which of the following have enabled 21st-century media producers to find new ways to deliver content to new audiences? the Internet digitization Which of the following factors have forced media companies to change the way they do business? rapid change in technology change in consumption behavior True or false: CD music sales are the one area in which an established media industry has unquestionably thrived in the face of rapid technological change. False Annika canceled her subscription to the paper version of her newspaper but plans to continue reading it on her cell phone. Which of the following actions would Annika take in order to do this? download an app for the newspaper In the past fifteen years, the share of all television viewing commanded by the four major television broadcast networks has declined significantly. The means of delivering a specific piece of media content is called a(n) platform. Which of the following is true of DVD sales in 2014–2015?

DVD sales continued to decline. Which statement is true of recent movie attendance in the United States? Only 13% of Americans go to the movies once a month or more. Which of the following statements about music CD sales in recent years are accurate? The number of music CDs sold fell between 2016 and 2018. The dollar value of music CD sales dropped between 2014 and 2015. Today's top-rated TV show draws how many television viewers compared to Cheers, the top-rated program in 1990? fewer Which of the following statements about DVD sales in recent years are accurate? DVD sales have decreased. Rentals from DVD kiosks have fallen. From 2015 to 2016, U.S. magazine industry revenue declined. From 2016 to 2017, the amount of time spent listening to radio decreased 1%. As the characteristics of media consumption have changed, media industries are adjusting to be able to cater to an audience that is fragmented into a great number of niches. Which of the following statements regarding the U.S. newspaper industry from 2016 to 2017 is accurate? Daily circulation of print newspapers declined. Which of the following would be considered media multitasking? Erica watches TV, her computer, and handheld devices simultaneously. Joe texts on his cell phone while he watches a video on his tablet.

The major challenge facing media industries today is that of capturing a mass audience that has become fragmented. Which of the following terms refers to the purchase of downloadable digital movies? electronic sell-through Which of the following is a way in which the concentration of media ownership and conglomeration will affect media industries' relationships with audiences? Media industries are likely to offer less variety. Consuming several different types of media at the same time is called media multitasking. The erosion of traditional distinguishing characteristics of specific types of media is called convergence. How has concentration of ownership of media companies impacted the information that is available to consumers? Media mergers have limited the range of information available to consumers.

Which of the following are associated with the increase in electronic sellthrough (EST)? Americans are using the Internet more often and watching more videos than ever before. DVD sales and rentals have declined. Which of the following challenges are media companies likely to face as a result of conglomeration and concentration of media ownership? Media companies will need to rethink ways of customizing content to retain their audiences.

Media companies will have a more difficult time reaching increasingly fragmented audiences. True or false: New technologies have dramatically blurred the distinctions among various types of media. True

According to New York University law professor Burt Neuborne, conglomeration has led to sensationalism in the press for which of the following reasons? The press is no longer controlled by persons feeling a zealous responsibility to the First Amendment. The press is now subject to a market psychology. From 2016 to 2017, the number of radio listeners increased only 1%. In what ways is the concentration of ownership of media companies a disaster for democracy, according to Senator Bernie Sanders? Owners do not feel bound to the idea of providing diverse opinions on an issue. The function of media companies that control the news has become to make as much money as they possibly can. Major media conglomerates are not focused on educating the American people. Which of the following statements regarding the ownership of media companies is accurate? A small number of large conglomerates own most media outlets. When Dan Rather stated that "The larger the entities that own and control the news operations, the more distant they become," he was alluding to the idea that conglomeration has made news outlets more responsible to the profit motive than to news reporting.

Concentration of media ownership has contributed to the emergence of s, which are communities starved for vital news due to a lack of journalistic resources. result in severely limited access to local political news. result in voters who are less politically engaged. According to Senator Bernie Sanders, what is the threat of major media conglomerates controlling the distribution of information? Conglomerates will seek to make as much money as possible rather than accurately informing the American people.

Which of the following statements about large, media-owning corporations are accurate? They may run businesses other than the media companies they own. They tend to be dominated by a bottom-line mentality in which the profit incentive rules. Which of the following statements about changes in press coverage of government is accurate? The number of full-time statehouse newspaper journalists has declined considerably since 2003. The ownership of media outlets by larger, nonmedia companies is called conglomeration. Which of the following are benefits of concentration and conglomeration? Large companies can reach a more widespread audience. The resulting media companies face less financial instability. Conglomeration can lead to the degradation of media content because of the corporations' overriding concern with making a profit. What impact does increasing the number of points of distribution have on the quality of media programming?

More points of distribution increase revenues, which can be used to improve programming. What is an oligopoly? a concentration of industries into an ever smaller number of companies True or false: All 50 states have a daily newspaper reporter assigned to Washington, DC, to cover Congress. False - Only 21 of 50 states currently have a reporter from a daily newspaper assigned to cover Congress in Washington, DC. Which of the following is the reason that many telecommunications professionals argue that concentration and conglomeration are necessary? to maintain the financial strength of media companies and limit the influence of advertisers Which of the following are general concerns when large, multinational conglomerates make the majority of media acquisitions? Foreign corporations may try to influence media content to suit their own purposes. Local media industries and local cultures will be overwhelmed by the programs of large, multinational conglomerates. With an eye toward an expanding worldwide market, media companies may tailor their content to the widest possible global audience. The concept that bigger is better because the relative cost of an operation's output declines as the size of the operation grows is called monopolistic competition. When the manager of newspaper chain 10/30 Communications said that many companies had "wrongly divided their focus among many customer groups," he was arguing that they had just one customer and their purpose was to sell that customer's products. Which of the following statements about changes in press coverage of government is accurate? The number of full-time statehouse newspaper journalists has declined considerably since 2003.

The ownership of media outlets by large, multinational conglomerates is an example of globalization. How might media companies' efforts to expand into more markets worldwide affect the fare they offer consumers here in the United States? Story and character may suffer in favor of car chases and explosions, which translate better to foreign audiences. What is one potential benefit of globalization for media audiences? Through the exchange of their different media, different cultures can learn from one another. Which of the following are arguments given by those who defend the idea that globalization is necessary for the economic survival of media companies? Globalization is necessary for reaching a widespread, fragmented audience. Media companies need to reach people in emerging democracies. The world's economies are becoming increasingly intertwined. Which of the following refers to the process by which the audience becomes less of a mass audience and its individual segments become more narrowly defined? audience fragmentation Media that cater to a targeted small audience whose members share an important characteristic are practicing ______ marketing. niche Foreign countries have responded to the offerings of American media conglomerates in which of the following ways? They have placed restrictions on the amount and type of U.S. media content allowed in their countries. drawback for foreign country

Choice, Local media industries and local cultures are overwhelmed by highquality US media content. Local media industries and local cultures are overwhelmed by high-quality US media content. drawback for media conglomerate - Foreign countries place limits on the amount and type of programming allowed in their countries. drawback for foreign country - Foreign countries place limits on the amount and type of programming allowed in their countries. According to defenders of increased globalization, what factor fuels both globalization and media ownership concentration? the need to reach a fragmented and widespread audience Media consumers are becoming more fragmented. less of a mass audience. Which of the following networks are examples of the effect of audience fragmentation? TV Land Nickelodeon (the children's network) Bravo Which of the following publications is an example of the practice of narrowcasting, or targeting? Cooking Light How might media companies' efforts to expand into more markets worldwide affect the fare they offer consumers here in the United States? Story and character may suffer in favor of car chases and explosions, which translate better to foreign audiences. Which of the following statements best describes how advertising has changed since the advent of cable television? Cable channels must appeal to more specific groups in order to attract advertisers.

The technology used by radio stations to use different commercials depending on the specific neighborhoods is called zonecasting. Technologies that allow the transmission of very specific content to very specific users are called ______ technologies. addressable

Groups of demographically targeted people who share an interest in a specific form of media content are called taste publics. Which digital media feature facilitates the most positive result of audience fragmentation for consumers and their communities? interactivity Samantha is in Atlanta for business. She is unfamiliar with her surroundings and uses her cell phone's map app to try to locate a coffee shop. She discovers several within walking distance, including one offering a coupon for 10% off. The coupon is an example of location-based mobile advertising. The increase in the number of advertising minutes in a typical broadcast is an example of hypercommercialism. How do addressable technologies affect audience unity? They make audiences increasingly fragmented. The deliberate appearance of a Coca-Cola product on an episode of American Idol is an example of product placement. Narrow, demographically targeted audiences may be in danger of losing their ability to connect with members of other demographically targeted audiences. having narrower cultural experiences.

Which of the following are possible benefits of audience fragmentation? Public discussions may promote community-building. Audiences may be attracted to social networking sites where they can discuss their feelings and ideas. Digital media may allow for more numerous and more varied communities. Which of the following explain the current state of hypercommercialism? Media conglomerates need to find ways to pay for large media acquisitions. Reaching fragmented audiences is more costly than reaching mass audiences. Technologies that allow the transmission of very specific content to very specific users are called ______ technologies. addressable Integrating branded products into media content for a fee is called product placement. Groups of demographically targeted people who share an interest in a specific form of media content are called taste publics. Which of the following are examples of ways in which companies employ brand entertainment? a newspaper publishing a science section sponsored by a power company a television program featuring a product as an essential part of the show The appearance of the Pontiac Solstice sports car as a "character" on the television program The Apprentice is an example of brand entertainment. The once-illegal practice of radio stations accepting payment from record promoters to play their songs is called payola. A Web-only television program is known as a(n) webisode.

True or false: Television producers argue that brand entertainment is different from product placement and that product placement is merely a commercial. False A new form of content known as brand ______ involves making brands part of and essential to a program. entertainment Which of the following are examples of hy...