CH 8 Notes PDF

Preview

Summary

Notes for chapter 8 of the textbook ...

Description

1 Chapter 8: Creating a New People, Expanding the Country (1801-1823) SIGNIFICANT DATES 1800 → Thomas Jefferson elected as President 1803 → Louisiana Purchase U.S. Supreme Court’s Marbury v. Madison Ohio admitted to the Union 1804 - 1806 → Lewis Clark expedition 1807 → Chesapeake-Leopard affair Congress passes Embargo Act 1808 → James Madison elected president 1812-1815 → War of 1812 1812 → American defeat at Detroit 1813 → American victories on Great Lakes and Battle of the Thames Death of Tecumseh 1814 → Jackson victory over Creeks at Battle of Horseshoe Bend The British burn Washington, D.C. Treaty of Ghent signed (ratified in 1815) 1815 → U.S. victory at Battle of New Orleans 1816 → James Monroe elected president 1817 → Rush-Bagot Treaty demilitarized the Great Lakes between the United States and Canada 1818 → Anglo-American Convention set the border between the United States and Canada and included an agreement for temporary joint ownership of the Oregon Territory 1819 → Adams-Onis Treaty -- Spain ceded Florida to the United States 1822 → Plans for slave revolt in Charleston led by Denmark Vesey 1823 → Monroe Doctrine

PRE-CHAPTER KEY POINTS: ● Jefferson inaugurated ○ March 4, 1801 ○ By political archnemesis Chief Justice John Marshall ○ Bitterness of 1800 election ● Federalist ideas increasingly out of touch with the democratic tone of the new century ● Jeffersonian Democracy and Democratic Republican Party ○ More trust and less fear ○ Dynamic changes and significant freedom ○ Republican ideals and explosion of interest in religion defined politics and culture of America ■ Effect on growth of religious bodies as well as on expansion and consolidation of American territory and power through Louisiana Purchase, War of 1812, and policies like the Monroe Doctrine

2 VOCABULARY ● Republicanism - A complex, changing body of ideas, values, and assumptions that developed in the early United States in the late 1790s and early 1800s, around Thomas Jefferson and James Madison’s political organizing and their campaigns for the presidency ● Tariff - a tax on imports into any nation ● Midnight judges - The name the Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans gave to those judges appointed by the outgoing Federalists president John Adams ● Marbury v. Madison - Supreme Court decision of 1803 that created the precedent of judicial review by ruling part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 as unconstitutional ● Judicial review - A power implied in the Constitution that gives federal courts the right to review and determine the constitutionality of acts passed by Congress and state legislature ● Wall of separation between church - a phrase coined by Thomas Jefferson to make clear his belief that the First Amendment to the Constitution guaranteed that governments should not interfere with the work of churches, and churches should not interfere with, or expect support from, government. ● Religious establishment- the name given to a state-church or to the creation of an “established church” that might play a role in, and expect support and loyalty from, all citizens ● Deist - One who has a religious orientation that rejects divine revelation and holds that the workings of nature alone reveal God’s design for the universe ● Second Great Awakening - A series of religious revivals in the first half of the 1800s characterized by great emotionalism in large public meetings ● Louisiana Purchase - The 1803 U.S. purchase of the vast land holdings that France claimed along the west side of the Mississippi River beginning in New Orleans and extending through the heart of North America to the Canadian border ● Corps of Discovery - The name given to the expedition led by Lewis and Clark in 1804-1806 that explored the Louisiana Purchase and the Oregon lands extending to the West Coast ● Embargo Act - An act passed by Congress in 1807 prohibiting American ships from leaving for any foreign port ● Non-Intercourse Act - An act, passed by Congress in 1809, designed to modify the Embargo Act by limiting it to trade with Britain and France so as to extend U.S. commerce in the rest of the world ● War Hawks - Members of Congress, mostly from the South and West, who aggressively pushed for a war against Britain after their election in 1810 ● Treaty of Ghent - A treaty signed in December 1814 between the United States and Britain that ended the War of 1812

3 ● Hartford Convention - A meeting of federalist delegates from the New England states to protest the continuation of the War of 1812 ● Adam-Onis Treaty - An 1819 treaty between the United States and Spain that led to American acquisition of Florida and American rights in the Oregon Territory in return for a $5 million payment to Spain ● Monroe Doctrine - A declaration by President James Monroe in 1823 that the Western Hemisphere was to be closed off to further European colonization and that the United States would not allow European interference in internal affairs of independent nations anywhere in the Americas

8.1 “Jefferson and the Republican Ideal”

Jefferson’s Views on the Following Social Hierarchy -Thought old ways were out of date -thinks of all as equal -Men of higher social standing often settled minor grudges with a duel

The American Hierarchy -Slavery became stronger and led to bitter divisiveness

The Role of Government -limited government with his kind of ideal freedom -informal -shrank federal bureaucracy -States were supposed to have “principal care of our persons, our properties, and our reputation” -only tariffs, no internal taxes

Individual Rights and Liberties -social equality and individual freedom -egalitarianism -states ought to protect individuals

Federalists

Democratic-Republicans

Originally organized by supporters of the Constitution

Began as an informal protest movement led by Jefferson and Madison in response to Hamilton’s economic plans

Although George Washington insisted he

By the 1796 and 1800 elections,

4 stood about party and hated the idea of political parties, he was usually considered to be a Federalist. Federalists supported John Adams for president in the elections of 1796 and 1800.

Democratic-Republicans formed a well-defined caucus within the Congress, though hardly a modern political party. Between 1800 and 1820s it was the nation’s majority party; sometimes called the JEffersonian Republican or simply the REpublican party

Wanted strong national government; favored Hamilton’s economic reforms, and generally supporter stronger U.S. ties with Great Britain

Small federal government, less federal involvement in economic matters, generally favored France over Great Britain

After 1800 election, the Federalists never again dominated the national government but remained strong in new England for another 20 years. Nominated last presidential candidate for 1816

By the 1820s, it was the only remaining political party before splitting into the Democrats and the Whigs

● Jefferson set new tone for Federal government ● Inaugural address ○ Emphasized conciliation and national unity ● Jefferson wanted social equality and individual freedom ● Wanted limited government with his kind of ideal freedom ● Most countrymen agreed with him ● Jefferson sold horse and coaches Adams used; had small dinner parties instead of formal state dinners ○ Small dinner parties ■ No respect for rank of dignitaries ■ No assigned seating ■ “A most perfect disregard to ceremony both in his dress and manner” ● Changes in tone of U.S. ○ Represented Democratic-Republican ideology ● Americans valued a notion of freedom in which a nation of independent farmers could make their own decisions ● Republicanism ○ Reflected in personal styles and political beliefs ○ American valued equality ■ Representation in government ■ How Americans treated others

5 ○ New way for citizens to relate to each other, emphasizing equality and independence far more than the class separation, deference, and dependence that had marked British North America and Great Britain itself ● Many ironies in Jefferson’s success (reflected dramatic changes in government) ○ Lack of religious orthodoxy ■ He led country during one of the greatest religious revivals ○ Sophisticated aristocrat ■ Informality within White House and as President ○ Slaveholder who had great misgivings about slavery ■ Led country when slavery became stronger and more entrenched and a source of bitter divisiveness ○ Agrarian vision ■ Led during growing commercial economy ■ Expansion of U.S. ■ Rise of cities, banks, and corporations Jefferson the Political Leader ● Shrank federal bureaucracy while doubling landmass ○ Thought bureaucracy = “too complicated, too expensive” ● Cut amount of employees ● Cut size of army and navy that patrolled the Atlantic Ocean ● Founded military army, West Point ○ To replace workers (Federalist ones) with more professionals ● Hamilton’s bank should stay ○ Secretary of Treasury urged so ○ Republican congress disagrees to renew charter in 1811 after Jefferson left office ● Kept tariffs but abolished internal taxes ● Most Americans dealt with federal government only through post offices during Jefferson, Madison, Monroe administrations ● Washington D.C., capital city ○ Fewer than 10,000 residents ○ Unique location (mud from PA Ave, tree stumps, grazing cows) ● Jefferson wanted small federal government ○ States were supposed to have “principal care of our persons, our properties, and our reputation” ○ His efforts to do so: ■ Repealed Judiciary Act of 1801(the act expanded number of federal judges, Adams signed it) ● Congress did not really like judges appointed by Adams

6 ○ “Midnight Judges” ● If courts tried to declare Congress’s actions unconstitutional, Congress would reduce Court’s authority ● Chief Justice John Marshall ○ Federalist ○ Waited for right case to make a decision ● Adams last minute appointed of William Marbury, but left before Marbury’s commision was delivered ○ Jefferson and Madison refused to deliver it ■ Marbury sued ● Marbury v. Madison ● Marbury v. Madison ○ Complex, lots of consequences ○ Marshall said Jefferson was irresponsible ■ President “cannot at his discretion sport away the vested rights of others” ○ Marshall said Court could do nothing because clause in Judiciary Act of 1789 giving the federal courts the right to issue writs requiring governmental action was unconstitutional because the Constitution did not give the judiciary such authority ○ Result of ruling was threefold ■ Marbury did not get job ■ While court slapped Jefferson’s wrist, it also gave him the legal victory in the case because he was not forced to appoint Marbury, His party’s overturning of the Judiciary Act of 1801 stood ■ Marshall made a point of saying that the court had the authority to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional ● Judicial review ● Marshall dramatically expanded the authority of federal courts while ensuring that they would not be challenged (by Jefferson or Republican Congress) ○ Jefferson won Rural America and the Agrarian Ideal ● Many Americans agreed with Jefferson’s agrarian ideal ○ Many slaves and ninety percent of whites lived on farms ● Many farmers and Americans moved often seeking more and better land in Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee ● Farms sold and resold ● Duc de La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt ○ French observer

7

● ● ● ● ● ●

●

●

●

●

○ Wondered if American farmers were attached to a particular land like French peasant’s ■ No ○ “It is a country in flux … that which is true today as regards its populations, its establishments, its prices, its commerce will not be true six months from now” Republican virtue in equality (at least among white men) Voting restrictions related to race and gender grew stronger, but virtually all property qualifications for voting disappeared Many more people wanted to vote Number of voters expanded White male electorate ○ Large, opinionated, individualistic European visitors ○ Charles William Janson ■ “The only remaining republicans in the civilized world” ■ “Uncongenial to English habits, and to the tone of an Englishman’s constitution” ■ Everyone considers themselves as equal as everyone else U.S. violent during early 1800s ○ Riots, arguments, fights ■ Common ○ Observers saying country losing its cohesion ○ Daniel Drake ■ Described his childhood home being a place where men fought ○ Men of higher social standing often settled minor grudges with a duel ○ Aaron Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel ■ Because Hamilton swayed election ■ Hamilton agreed to duel and was killed in 1804 ○ Andrew Jackson in a duel Violence due to alcohol ○ Consumption doubled ○ Doctors, workers, all drunk ○ Janson said: ■ Reported horror ■ Wealthy boys acting stupid because they were drunk Interracial violence ○ Between whites and Indians ○ Slaves attacked Family violence

8 ○ Violence towards wives and children increased, resistance increased ■ Stephen Arnold murdered adopted daughter ○ Divorce rates increased Jefferson and the Individual ● Americans debated meanings of freedom and unfreedom ● Americans questioned personal life of president and if he was a good example to the ideals he espoused ● Grand house in Monticello ○ Not simple like his view ● Expanded library ● Private life = national news ● Richmond Reader ○ Sept 1, 1802 ○ Jefferson's slave Sally ● Slave affair story ○ Circulated, some agreed, some did not ○ Jefferson remained silent ○ Used to smear the president ○ Federalist used this as issue when he ran for reelection ○ Rumors persisted even after he died ■ DNA testing showed highly likely that kids were his

8.2 “The Ideal of Religious Freedom” Methodists -Cane Ridge in Bourbon County, Kentucky largest gathering led by Presbyterian and Methodist ministers -Methodists and Baptists grew most from revival movement -Largest protestant group -John Wesley and brother Charles -Francis Asbury -level of emotionalism in Methodism -Tightly organized from bishops to preachers to congregations -Largely united with the coming of civil war -Model minister was circuit rider Baptists

-Jefferson’s letter -Connecticut

9 -Methodists and Baptists grew most from revival movement -Largest protestant group -Those from Second Great Awakening different from original ones -Newer ones were more emotional, individualistic, and determined to assert local authority -Organization was highly decentralized with each congregation retaining total control -Tended to splinter into rival groups -Model minister was farmer-preacher go grew to be selected by congregation to lead while working Free Black Churches

-Northern free blacks began to form their own religious organizations -Richard Allen -In south Southern governments blocked growth of independent black churches -In north Free black churches thrived as members exercised leadership, developed their own ideas, and worshipped among themselves

Religion and Slavery

-Slaves met in congregations in secluded places at night -Plantation owners organized religious services for slaves -secretive, spoke of their “longing” “disappointment” “resentment” and liberty -Litt Young recalls how a mistress of a plantation built a church for the blacks -Worship included dancing, singing and cathartic emotional release and renewal -authorities feared slave religion - religion gave slaves hope that they could lead resistance

Catholics

-Maryland -Most Catholics lived in New Orleans, Texas, New Mexico, and California -form own religious organizations free of full authority by their own senior leaders

Jews

-form own religious organizations free of full authority by their own senior leaders -Jewish religious communities took on republican sentiments

10 -New Congregations and synagogues formed in Richmond, New Orleans, Cincinnati and Baltimore

● Jefferson’s letter to Baptist Association in Danbury, Connecticut ○ Wall of separation between church and state ● Republican ideal ○ Politics and religion should be separate ● People who wanted to be treated equally of all different sorts of people, also wanted to be able to pursue their religious beliefs as they chose ● Before Jefferson, Washington wrote to Sephardic Jewish congregation expressing similar views ● Unlike Washington, Jefferson sought to change government policy, specifically state government policy in New England ● Connecticut had a religious establishment ○ Required all citizens to pay taxes to support churches ■ (New Hampshire and Massachusetts did this too) ● Maryland required support for the Episcopal Church ● When adopted first in 1791, Bill of Rights only applied to federal government ○ States could do as they pleased in church-state matters ● After Civil War, Bill of Rights’ reach was broadened ● Long before Revolution states stopped requiring church attendance or prosecuting people for heresy ● But clergy of CT, NH, MD, and MASS were still supported by state gov ● Some people resented paying taxes that supported other religious bodies ● Leaders who got the letter did not agree The Separation of Church and State at the State Level ● Jefferson and Madison convinced Virginia legislature to end public financial support for Episcopal Church in 1786 ● Fiercest battle over state support for specific churches ○ Connecticut ○ Timothy Dwight ■ President of Yale ■ Federalist ■ Hated Jefferson ■ Could not imagine government without state church ○ Lyman Beecher

11 ■ Dwight’s student ■ Organized Connecticut Society for the Suppression of Vice and the Promotion of Good Morals and Published The Connecticut Evangelical Congregationalist Churches ■ Wanted to maintain special status of the Congregationalist churches ■ Lost ● Heartbroken, but eventually changed his mind ○ 1817, Oliver Wolcott ■ Opposed state supported churches in Connecticut ■ Defeated a federalist for governor ■ Connecticut ended support for all religious bodies ○ Religion in Connecticut survived and flourished without state support and, not long afterward, Massachusetts, the last holdout, followed the seperation New Religious Expressions ● Importance of religious freedom ● Ideals of individual freedoms led to growth in religious organizations and ideas ● Church attendance dropped after during and after Revolution ● Elite like Jefferson were deists ● Americans participated in outpouring of evangelical Christianity ○ Second Great Awakening ■ Exceeded the Great Awakening of 1740s ■ Movement began in 1790s and early 1800s ■ Developments occurred in 1820s and 1830s Cane Ridge and the Revivals of the Early 1800s ● James Greedy ○ Presbyterian minister ○ 1796 ○ Moved from Carolinas to Kentucky ○ “Rogue’s Harbor” Logan County, Kentucky ■ Place of horse thieves, murderers. Robbers, counterfeiters, and runaways ■ Same people Drake described ○ Wanted to make those bad people good church-going Christians ■ Successful ○ Gaspar Meeting House ■ John Mcgee as well as other church preaches like Greedy ■ All of the bad people sins or “slain” was no longer on those bad people ● More religious gatherings ○ So big, they were held on campgrounds ○ Largest one

12 Cane Ridge in Bourbon County, Kentucky 5 day camp meeting August 1801 Led by Presbyterian and Methodist minister James Finley converted to Christianity ● Became frontier revivalist ■ Barton W. Stone ● Pastor ● Described gathering as miracles Methodists, Baptists, and Other Protestants ● Methodists and Baptists grew most from revival movement ○ Largest protestant groups ● Methodism ○ Came through John Wesley (1703-1788) and his brother Charles (hymn writer) (1707-1788) ○ Wesley ■ Preached in Georgia ■ Emphasized on the need for free individuals to make their own decisions and whether they want to experience salvation ■ “Heart strangely warmed” ● Emotionalism level to Methodism ○ Francis Asbury (1745-1816) ■ First American Methodist Bishop ■ Established American Methodism ■ Created new form of Protestant Ministry ● Methodist circuit riders ○ travelled to preach with great fe...