Ch1 - provides practice question for chapter1 PDF

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ch1

1.

Knowledge of research methods may be useful in ฀ ฀ A. understanding and evaluating research results reported in the media. B. many occupations. C. conducting research. D. All of these.

2.

The problem with using intuition to make conclusions about human behavior is that ฀ ฀ A. it is easy to draw erroneous conclusions because our biases affect our perceptions. B. intuitions are never correct, contrary to what people believe. C. it rarely leads to meaningful insight. D. None of these.

3.

One reason for why the use of intuition results in erroneous conclusions is ฀ ฀ A. intuitions are never correct. B. it is unethical to employ intuition in research. C. we have a tendency to conclude that there must be a causal relationship when we observe the occurrence of two related events. D. our perceptions are always incorrect.

4.

When you accept unquestionably what your own personal judgment tells you about the world, you are relying on _______. ฀ ฀ A. skepticism B. authority C. intuition D. scientific understanding

5.

People are likely to believe information presented by a speaker who is seen as prestigious, trustworthy, and credible because of a reliance on ฀ ฀ A. intuition. B. authority. C. pseudoscientific information. D. informational bias.

6.

Accepting the information in a professor's lecture without question is a reliance on ______. ฀ ฀ A. intuition B. authority C. scientific evidence D. pseudoscientific information

7.

A scientist states that "there is evidence for the existence of ghosts because she herself has felt their presence." This claim should ฀ ฀ A. be accepted because she is also a scientist. B. be accepted because she has personally felt their presence. C. cause you to believe in ghosts. D. result in your being skeptical about her claim.

8.

John has decided to purchase several copies of a new children's book because he has a feeling that the availability of this book will be scarce in the future. Which of the following best explains John's behavior? ฀ ฀ A. Authority B. Skepticism C. Intuition D. Empirical evidence

9.

The advantage of employing the scientific approach over other ways of knowing about the world is that it ฀ ฀ A. allows scientists to show that the explanations we make for the actions we observe are always correct. B. allows one to rule out intuition and authority as sources of ideas about behavior. C. provides an objective set of rules for gathering, evaluating, and reporting information. D. allows scientists the opportunity to show the public their findings are always correct.

10. The scientific method differs from intuition and authority in that the scientific method ฀ ฀ A. does not rely on accepting assertions set forth by others. B. does not rely on one's own personal perceptions of the world. C. provides an objective set of rules for gathering, evaluating, and reporting information. D. All of these. 11. Scientists use intuition and their positions of authority ฀ ฀ A. to generate ideas for research. B. to draw conclusions about behavior. C. under no circumstances. D. whenever they need to replicate another scientist's findings. 12. Using opinions or beliefs as explanations for why people behave in the way they do is ฀ acceptable as long as ฀ ฀ A. they are presented as opinions or beliefs. B. they are scientifically testable. C. there is scientific evidence that relates to the opinion or belief. D. All of these. 13. Which one of the following is NOT true of the scientific approach? ฀ ฀ A. All propositions must be subjected to empirical tests. B. The methods used to gather scientific evidence should be critically evaluated. C. Anything reported by a scientist should be assumed to be accurate. D. Scientific methods and evidence must be described in precise terms.

14. The fundamental characteristic of the scientific approach is ฀ ฀ A. intuition. B. authority. C. falsifiability. D. empiricism. 15. Which is NOT a characteristic of scientific inquiry as described by Goodstein's evolved theory of science? ฀ ฀ A. Scientists must report their observations accurately to others. B. Scientists search for observations that will verify their ideas about the world. C. Science will grow when there is open exchange and competition among ideas. D. Peer review of research is unnecessary with well designed studies. 16. The empirical approach to science requires that ฀ ฀ A. ideas based on intuition not be examined. B. only knowledge presented by an authority figure be deemed correct. C. knowledge be based on observations. D. All of these. 17. The scientific approach requires that observations and findings be accurately reported. This requirement is important because ฀ ฀ A. it allows other to replicate the findings. B. fabricating data is inherently unethical and is dealt with by strong sanctions. C. it advances the field of science. D. All of these. 18. When data fails to provide support for some idea that is advanced, we can say that _______ has occurred. ฀ ฀ A. intuition B. peer review C. authority D. falsifiability 19. _____ is the process by which scientists with expertise in a particular field judge the scientific merit of another's research within that same field. ฀ ฀ A. Intuition B. Peer review C. Skepticism D. Falsifiability 20. An important component of the scientific approach is peer review. Which of the following is NOT a reason for employing peer review? It ฀ ฀ A. assures that only the best research is published. B. ensures that research with major flaws will not be part of the scientific literature. C. allows publication of only those findings with which other researchers agree. D assures that the best ideas are supported by research and allows others to build upon the research, further . advancing the field of study.

21. Peer review is an important process in scientific research because it ฀ ฀ A. assures that only the best research is published. B. ensures that research with major flaws will not be part of the scientific literature. C assures that the best ideas are supported by research and allows others to build upon the research, further . advancing that field of study. D. All of these. 22. Claims that are made on the basis of evidence that is designed to appear scientific is referred to as ฀ ฀ A. scientific reference. B. pseudoscience. C. empiricism. D. illusory correlations. 23. Which of the following characteristics is true of pseudoscience? The ฀ ฀ A. hypotheses are testable. B. claims rigorously consider conflicting evidence. C. claims are stated in scientific-sounding terminology and ideas. D. claims are always revised. 24. A general rule to help detect seudoscience is to be highly ______ when scientific assertions are made by evidence that is _____. ฀ ฀ A. skeptical; vague B. convinced; vague C. skeptical; reputable D. convinced; reputable 25. The science of psychology strives to ________ behavior. ฀ ฀ A. describe B. predict C. determine the causes of D. explain E. All of these. 26. Which of the following is not a goal of science? ฀ ฀ A. Predicting behavior B. Describing behavior C. Determining the cause of behavior D. Convincing others that research findings are accurate 27. The four goals of scientific research are to ฀ ฀ A. describe, prescribe, eliminate, and undermine behavior. B. describe, prescribe, explain, and undermine behavior. C. describe, predict, eliminate, and determine the causes of behavior. D. describe, predict, explain, and determine the causes of behavior.

28. Which statement best illustrates the scientific goal of describing behavior? ฀ ฀ A. A loud noise will gain a person's attention more than will a soft noise because the loud noise startles the person. B. Puppies who drink milk will grow more than puppies who drink water because milk contains a greater amount of nutrients. C. Alcohol consumption increases the likelihood of an automobile accident because it affects a driver's reaction time. D. Jurors judge attractive defendants more leniently than unattractive defendants. 29. Which statement best illustrates the scientific goal of predicting behavior? ฀ ฀ A. People who live in warm climates have different attitudes about the environment than people who live in cold climates. B. Females have more conservative attitudes towards casual sex than do males. C. People drink more beer at football games than at the opera. D. Plants that are played music will grow more than plants that are not played music. 30. Which statement best illustrates the scientific goal of explaining behavior? ฀ ฀ A. Females who commit a crime will be rated more leniently than males who commit the same crime. B. Differences in assigned guilt ratings between attractive and unattractive defendants is due to a physical attractiveness stereotype. C. Fourth grade boys run faster than fourth grade girls. D. Men do not like to go shopping with women. 31. Which of the following goals of science is most important for changing behavior? ฀ ฀ A. Description B. Prediction C. Determination of cause D. Explanation 32. Which of the following is NOT a requirement for identifying a cause of a behavior? ฀ ฀ A. Temporal precedence B. Covariation of cause and effect C. Elimination of alternative explanations D. Observational analysis 33. In determining the cause of behavior, which principle considers the order in which two events occur together? ฀ ฀ A. Temporal precedence B. Covariation of cause and effect C. Elimination of alternative explanations D. Observational analysis

34. Dave knows that when Ken drinks alcohol he becomes very talkative. This identification of a cause of behavior is an example of what type of evidence? ฀ ฀ A. Temporal precedence B. Covariation of cause and effect C. Elimination of alternative explanations D. Observational analysis 35. In determining the cause of behavior, the principle of _____ considers that when the cause is present, the effect occurs; but, when the cause is not present, the effect does not occur. ฀ ฀ A. temporal precedence B. covariation of cause and effect C. elimination of alternative explanations D. illusory correlations 36. Professor White finds that students who read a daily newspaper display more knowledge of current events than students who do not read a daily newspaper. This identification of a cause of behavior is an example of what type of evidence? ฀ ฀ A. Cognitive awareness B. Temporal precedence C. Covariation of cause and effect D. Elimination of alternative explanations 37. A researcher finds that people who own more than two cars have bigger homes, more garage space, and make more money than people who own only one or two cars. The researcher's inference that having more than two cars causes people to have homes with bigger garages is lacking which type of causal evidence? ฀ ฀ A. Temporal precedence B. Covariation of cause and effect C. Elimination of alternative explanations D. Economic instability 38. Determining the cause of behavior is an important goal of science because ฀ ฀ A. it is important to know the cause of behavior if we want to change a behavior. B. we cannot predict behavior without knowing the cause of behavior. C. we cannot describe behavior without knowing the cause of behavior. D. it makes the scientist appear more credible. 39. The statement "People eat more when they are alone than when they are with friends" is an example of _____ behavior. ฀ ฀ A. describing B. predicting C. explaining D. determining the cause of

40. Determining the cause of a behavior is difficult because ฀ ฀ A. it is difficult to know the true cause or all causes of behavior. B. explanations that are initially satisfying may turn out to be inadequate. C. satisfactory explanations may be discarded or revised as new evidence is gathered. D. All of these. 41. The statement, "Participants in quiet environments score consistently higher on math achievement tests than participants in noisy environments" is an example of ________ behavior; while the statement, "The difference between participants in quiet versus noisy rooms on math achievement scores occurs because there is less distraction in quiet rooms" is an example of ________ behavior. ฀ ฀ A. explaining; determining the cause of B. explaining; predicting C. describing; determining the cause of D. describing; predicting 42. The statement, "Obese persons eat faster than non-obese persons" is an example of ________ behavior; and the statement, "The different eating habits of obese and non-obese persons are caused by physiological factors" is an example of ________ behavior. ฀ ฀ A. explaining; predicting B. explaining; describing C. describing; explaining D. predicting; explaining 43. The statement, "The average intelligence test score of children in the Central School District is 108" is an example of a(n) ________ of behavior; the statement "Children from smaller families have higher intelligence test scores than children from larger families" is an example of a(n) ________ of behavior. ฀ ฀ A. explanation; description B. description; description C. explanation; explanation D. description; explanation 44. The statement, "High school seniors with higher SAT scores will have higher college GPAs" is an example of ________ behavior. The statement "Males have higher average quantitative SAT scores than do females" is an example of ________ behavior. ฀ ฀ A. predicting; describing B. describing; predicting C. explaining; describing D. predicting; explaining 45. When Dr. Jones attempts to determine reasons why female defendants are rated more leniently than male defendants, he is attempting to meet which goal of science? ฀ ฀ A. Describing behavior B. Predicting behavior C. Determining cause of behavior D. Explaining behavior

46. Martha observes which food item is purchased the most in the student cafeteria. Martha's behavior best illustrates which goal of science? ฀ ฀ A. Describing behavior B. Predicting behavior C. Determining cause of behavior D. Explaining behavior 47. You have just read an article in a popular magazine that stated, "People who jog live longer than people who don't jog." As a scientist, you would probably ฀ ฀ A. begin jogging. B. accept the statement as true. C. want to see the study that lead to this conclusion. D. None of these. 48. Which one of the following journal-article titles most likely represents an example of basic research? ฀ ฀ A. "Teaching youths with autism to offer assistance" B. "Encouraging recycling: An evaluation of a media campaign" C. "Effect of situational factors on assessment of blame: A test of attribution theory" D. "Effect of size and lettering style of signs on wayfinding accuracy in a hospital" 49. Which one of the following journal-article titles most likely represents an applied research study? ฀ ฀ A. "Measurement of reaction times to different colored lights" B. "The influence of a food reward on maze running behavior in kittens" C. "Cognitive factors influencing logical reasoning" D. "Increasing recycling of styrofoam containers: A test at an amusement park" 50. Which one of the following journal article titles most likely represents an example of a basic research study? ฀ ฀ A. "The effect of self awareness on a cognitive reasoning task" B. "Buying behavior: The influence of item shelf placement in retail grocery stores" C. "Increasing knowledge of dangers in the home: A tri-state phone survey" D. "A peer tutoring program as a method to increase cultural sensitivity" 51. Which one of the following statements is accurate? ฀ ฀ A. Basic research is more important than applied research. B. Applied research is more important than basic research. C. Basic and applied research are of equal importance. D. Basic and applied research are both of less importance than theoretical research. 52. In what sense does basic research benefit society? ฀ ฀ A. It keeps scientists employed. B. Its purpose is to provide practical solutions to society's problems. C. It provides knowledge which may be of value at a later time. D. None of these.

53. Applied research is ฀ ฀ A. more valuable than basic research. B. often guided by findings of basic research. C. designed to answer fundamental questions about the nature of behavior. D. only of value if the results are published. 54. The distinction between basic research and applied research is that basic research _____, while applied research _____. ฀ ฀ A relies more heavily on the fundamental sciences such as chemistry or biology; relies more heavily on the . social sciences such as psychology or sociology B relies more heavily on the social sciences such as psychology or sociology; relies more heavily on the . fundamental sciences such as chemistry or biology C. concentrates on fundamental questions often of a theoretical nature; concentrates on identifying and resolving practical problems D.concentrates on identifying and resolving practical problems; concentrates on fundamental questions often of a theoretical nature 55. A major area of applied research that evaluates the social reforms and innovations that occur in government, industry, and mental health settings is _______ research. ฀ ฀ A. industrial B. governmental C. program evaluation D. theory-oriented 56. Administrators at the county's juvenile hall have implemented a reward program to decrease disruptive behavior during meal times. The scientific approach would dictate that the program ฀ ฀ A. address theoretical issues. B. be evaluated to determine whether or not it is having the intended effect. C. modify theoretical concepts. D. integrate intuition in the design of the program. 57. Dr. Pentel conducts research to determine whether or not an after-school program improves school performance in fifth-grade children. Dr. Pentel is most likely engaged in _____. ฀ ฀ A. basic research B. theoretical research C. topical research D. a program evaluation ฀

ch1 Key฀ 1.

Knowledge of research methods may be useful in ฀ ฀ A. understanding and evaluating research results reported in the media. B. many occupations. C. conducting research. D. All of these. Cozby - Chapter 01 #1฀

2.

The problem with using intuition to make conclusions about human behavior is that ฀ ฀ A. it is easy to draw erroneous conclusions because our biases affect our perceptions. B. intuitions are never correct, contrary to what people believe. C. it rarely leads to meaningful insight. D. None of these. Cozby - Chapter 01 #2฀

3.

One reason for why the use of intuition results in erroneous conclusions is ฀ ฀ A. intuitions are never correct. B. it is unethical to employ intuition in research. C.we have a tendency to conclude that there must be a causal relationship when we observe the occurrence of two related events. D. our perceptions are always incorrect. Cozby - Chapter 01 #3฀

4.

When you accept unquestionably what your own personal judgment tells you about the world, you are relying on _______. ฀ ฀ A. skepticism B. authority C. intuition D. scientific understanding Cozby - Chapter 01 #4฀

5.

People are likely to believe information presented by a speaker who is seen as prestigious, trustworthy, and credible because of a reliance on ฀ ฀ A. intuition. B. authority. C. pseudoscientific information. D. informational bias. Cozby - Chapter 01 #5฀

6.

Accepting the information in a professor's lecture without question is a reliance on ______. ฀ ฀ A. intuition B. authority C. scientific evidence D. pseudoscientific information Cozby - Chapter 01 #6฀

7.

A scientist states that "there is evidence for the existence of ghosts because she herself has felt their presence." This claim should ฀ ฀ A. be accepted because she is also a scientist. B. be accepted because she has personally felt their presence. C. cause you to believe in ghosts. D. result in your being skeptical about her claim. Cozby - Chapter 01 #7฀

8.

John has decided to purchase several copies of a new children's book because he has a feeling that the availability of this book will be scarce in the future. Which ...