Chap 04 test-bank Environmental Science PDF

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CHAPTER 4—BIODIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. For every shark that injures or kills a person every year a people kill one shark to even the score . b people kill about 50,000 sharks, but mainly to be used as food . c people kill at least 1 million sharks . d people kill sharks in a ratio of 5:1 for humans deaths . e people do not kill sharks because we cannot catch them . ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: KNOWLEDGE

TOP: CORE CASE STUDY

2. Which of the following are reasons why sharks should be considered important to humans? a They never get cancer, and may provide information about how to prevent this disease. . b They are an important source of food . c They are a keystone species . d They never get cancer and are an important source of food . e They never get cancer and are a keystone species . ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: KNOWLEDGE

TOP: CORE CASE STUDY

3. Biomes are a large aquatic regions of the earth with distinct climate and certain species adapted to . them b large terrestrial regions of the earth with distinct climate and certain species adapted to . them c groups of populations living in harmony in a given ecosystem . d all the biological portions of the planet . e types of forests that are extensive and widespread on a continent . ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: 4-1 WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: KNOWLEDGE 4. The variety of genes within a species or population is called the a species diversity . 74

b . c . d . e .

genetic diversity functional diversity ecological diversity molecular diversity

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: 4-1 WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: KNOWLEDGE

5. Which of the following statements best describes insect species as a group? a They have backbones. . b About two million species have been identified by scientists. . c They are resistant to extinction. . d They have skin or integument similar to mammals. . e They do not spread human diseases. . ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: 4-1 WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: KNOWLEDGE 6. Deserts, tropical forests, prairie grasslands, and coniferous forests are all examples of a different species . b ecosystems with the highest biodiversity . c ecosystems with low genetic biodiversity . d Biomes . e Populations . ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: 4-1 WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: KNOWLEDGE 7. Which of the following biomes are found along the 39th parallel in the United States? a Chaparral . 75

b . c . d . e .

Chaparral and coniferous forest Chaparral, coniferous forest and desert Chaparral, coniferous forest, desert and prairie grassland Chaparral, coniferous forest, desert, prairie grassland and deciduous forest

ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: 4-1 WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: KNOWLEDGE 8. Evidence for the history of life comes from a DNA analysis . b Fossils . c analysis of glacial ice core and rock samples . d fossils and analysis of glacial ice core and rock samples . e ancient sea scrolls . ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: 4-2 HOW DOES THE EARTH'S LIFE CHANGE OVER TIME? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: KNOWLEDGE 9. The fossil record is incomplete because a Not all fossils have been found. . b Some fossils have decomposed. . c Some life forms left no fossils. . d Some life forms have left no fossils and some have decomposed . e Not all fossils have been found, some have decomposted and some life forms have left . no fossils. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: 4-2 HOW DOES THE EARTH'S LIFE CHANGE OVER TIME? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: KNOWLEDGE 10. Which of the following is true with regard to mutations? a Mutations are always harmful. . b Mutations always provide for beneficial changes in an organism's genetic makeup. . c Mutations are chosen by the organism to improve their survival. . d Natural selection determines the types of mutations that survive in a population. . 76

e .

Mutations are caused only by harmful chemicals.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult TOP: 4-2 HOW DOES THE EARTH'S LIFE CHANGE OVER TIME? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: COMPREHENSION 11. A change in the genetic composition of a population is called a Emigration . b Mutation . c natural selection . d Evolution . e genetic drift . ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: 4-2 HOW DOES THE EARTH'S LIFE CHANGE OVER TIME? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: KNOWLEDGE 12. An adaptive trait is a any heritable trait. . b any heritable trait that improves organisms’ chances for survival . c any heritable trait that improves organisms’ chances for survival and reproduction . d any heritable trait that improves organisms’ chances for survival and reproduction at . higher rates than other individuals in a population e any inheritable trait that improves organisms’ chance for survival and reproduction at . lower rates than other individuals in a population ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: 4-2 HOW DOES THE EARTH'S LIFE CHANGE OVER TIME? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: KNOWLEDGE In a population of wild bees, a mutation resulted in slightly larger wingspan in some of the bees. This larger wingspan made the bees more efficient in their flights to flowers to collect nectar. Thus, these bees became more successful. This trait was passed on to offspring, and eventually the larger wingspan variety of bee replaced their smaller-winged relatives completely. 13. Since the mutation produced a specific wing trait that was passed on, the mutation must have occurred a in wing cells . b in reproductive cells . c as a result of exposure to a chemical agent . d as a result of UV light . e because of the type of pollen the bee collected 77

. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: 4-2 HOW DOES THE EARTH'S LIFE CHANGE OVER TIME? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: APPLICATION

14. The larger wingspan could be called a an adaptive trait . b genetic variability . c a heritable trait . d an adaptive trait and a genetic variability . e a heritable trait, an adaptive trait and a genetic variability . ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: 4-2 HOW DOES THE EARTH'S LIFE CHANGE OVER TIME? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: COMPREHENSION 15. It could be said that _____ favored the bee with the larger wingspan, and so the _____ evolved. a adaptation, bee . b evolution, population . c mutation, bee . d natural selection, population . e mutation, population . ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult TOP: 4-2 HOW DOES THE EARTH'S LIFE CHANGE OVER TIME? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: APPLICATION 16. Which of the following characteristics must be true in order for a trait to be impacted by the forces of natural selection and then play a role in the process of biological evolution? a The trait must be the result of environmental conditions. . b The trait must be genetically based. . c The trait must impact the social rank of its possessor. . d The trait must be a physical characteristic of the organism. . e The trait must be a behavioral characteristic of the organism. . ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult TOP: 4-2 HOW DOES THE EARTH'S LIFE CHANGE OVER TIME? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: COMPREHENSION 78

17. Which of the following is true of a trait that creates a specific advantage for some organisms in the struggle to survive? a It enables individuals with the trait to leave more offspring than other members of the . population leave. b It results in greater genetic diversity in the offspring of those organisms that possess it . than in those that do not possess the trait. c It causes the ratio of male and female offspring produced to be equal. . d It results in offspring that are genetically different than the parents. . e It results in non-heritable traits being passed from parent to offspring. . ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: 4-2 HOW DOES THE EARTH'S LIFE CHANGE OVER TIME? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: COMPREHENSION 18. Which of the following is/are thought to be in part responsible for the evolutionary success of humans? a Humans possess strong opposable thumbs. . b Humans walk upright. . c Humans have complex brains, walk upright and have opposable thumbs . d Humans walk upright and have opposable thumbs . e Humans walk upright, have opposable thumbs, complex brains and can use tools . ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: 4-2 HOW DOES THE EARTH'S LIFE CHANGE OVER TIME? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: KNOWLEDGE 19. Genetic resistance to antibiotic drugs is an important example of a an adaptive trait in humans . b natural selection . c a beneficial mutation . d a harmful mutation . e Evolution . ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: 4-2 HOW DOES THE EARTH'S LIFE CHANGE OVER TIME? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: APPLICATION 20. How has the geological process of plate tectonics influenced the process of evolution over geologic time? a The changing location of the plates across the Earth's surface exposes organisms to . differing concentrations of mutagens, thus increasing or decreasing the rate of evolution. 79

b . c . d . e .

The rate of evolutionary change is directly proportional to the speed with which the Earth's tectonic plates are moving. The changing location of the plates across the Earth's surface results in changing climatic environmental conditions for various communities and populations of organisms. This has driven evolutionary change. The movement of the Earth's geologic plates is the source of energy that ultimately drives the process of evolution. The movement of the Earth's geologic plates further away from the equator resulted in an increase in the gravitational forces on the planet. This allowed for the initial accumulation of the gases that form the Earth's atmosphere.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: 4-3 HOW DO GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND CLIMATE CHANGE AFFECT EVOLUTION? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: COMPREHENSION 21. A major factor that allowed species to adapt to new environments and form new species through natural selection happened a because Pangaea began splitting apart about 135 million years ago . b about 18,000 years ago when South America and North America split apart . c about 200-250 million years ago when India and Africa split apart . d happened about 250 million years ago, because Pangaea began splitting apart . e because Asia and North America split apart 180 million years ago . ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: 4-3 HOW DO GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND CLIMATE CHANGE AFFECT EVOLUTION? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: KNOWLEDGE 22. The advance and retreat of ice sheets a happened most recently about 18,000 years ago at the lower latitudes . b happened most recently about 350 million years ago at the lower latitudes . c happened most recently about 18,000 years ago over much of the northern hemispheres . d happened most recently about 18,000 years ago over much of the northern hemispheres . and caused alternating periods of heating and cooling e ice sheets were very stable throughout geologic time and did not advance or retreat . ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: 4-3 HOW DO GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND CLIMATE CHANGE AFFECT EVOLUTION? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: KNOWLEDGE 23. Approximately how long has there been life on planet Earth? a 3.5 million years . 80

b . c . d . e .

35 million years 350 million years 3.5 billion years 35 billion years

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: 4-3 HOW DO GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND CLIMATE CHANGE AFFECT EVOLUTION? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: KNOWLEDGE 24. We can say that on a long-term basis, that the _____________principle of sustainability has especially helped life on earth to adapt to drastic environmental conditions. a wise use . b energy cycling . c nutrient cycling . d Energy . e Biodiversity . ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: 4-3 HOW DO GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND CLIMATE CHANGE AFFECT EVOLUTION? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: COMPREHENSION 25. Which of the following statements is false? a In the process called speciation, one species splits into two or more different species. . b Geographic and reproductive isolation occur in sequence. . c Sooner or later all species become extinct. . d By definition, the fittest animals are the largest and strongest animals. . e Difference environmental conditions lead to different selective pressures. . ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult TOP: 4-4 HOW DO SPECIATION, EXTINCTION, AND HUMAN ACTIVITIES AFFECT BIODIVERSITY? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: COMPREHENSION 26. The process by which members of isolated populations become so different in genetic makeup that they cannot produce live, fertile offspring if they are rejoined is best described as a geographic isolation . b reproductive isolation 81

. c . d . e .

evolutionary isolation endemic isolation niche isolation

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: 4-4 HOW DO SPECIATION, EXTINCTION, AND HUMAN ACTIVITIES AFFECT BIODIVERSITY? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: KNOWLEDGE 27. Which of the following is not true of the process of biological extinction? a The extinction of an organism can be reversed if enough government funding is . provided. b There has always been a certain low-level amount of ongoing background extinction . occurring. c Completely natural processes can cause population extinctions. . d Human activities have resulted in population extinctions. . e a, b and c are all correct, but not d . ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: 4-4 HOW DO SPECIATION, EXTINCTION, AND HUMAN ACTIVITIES AFFECT BIODIVERSITY? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: COMPREHENSION 28. Geographic isolation may result from a a volcanic eruption . b an earthquake . c a mountain range . d all of these answers . e none of these answers . ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: 4-4 HOW DO SPECIATION, EXTINCTION, AND HUMAN ACTIVITIES AFFECT BIODIVERSITY? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: KNOWLEDGE 29. Which of the following is not true with regards to the concept of niches? a A niche is the place where an organism lives. . b A niche is the general method by which an organism attains its energy. . c A species that is able to survive in a great range of environmental conditions and utilize a . wide variety of food resources is a generalist species. 82

d . e .

The giant panda feeds almost exclusively on various types of bamboo. This being the case, these organisms are said to have a narrow specialized niche. In a rapidly-changing environment it is a great benefit to have a wide niche.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: 4-5 WHAT ROLES DO SPECIES PLAY IN AN ECOSYSTEM? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: COMPREHENSION 30. Which of the following organisms would best be described as a specialist species? a Flies . b Cockroaches . c white-tailed deer . d panda bears . e Humans . ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: 4-5 WHAT ROLES DO SPECIES PLAY IN AN ECOSYSTEM? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: COMPREHENSION 31. An organism's niche is analogous to its a Address . b way of life . c food source . d trash dump . e all of these answers . ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: 4-5 WHAT ROLES DO SPECIES PLAY IN AN ECOSYSTEM? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: COMPREHENSION 32. Which of the following best describes an organism's habitat? a the nutrient relationships with other species . b the location where a species lives . c the types of resource requirements . d the range of tolerance to different physical and chemical conditions . e the types of competitors . ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: 4-5 WHAT ROLES DO SPECIES PLAY IN AN ECOSYSTEM? 83

BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: KNOWLEDGE 33. The bird species known to forage in shrublands after they have experienced a wildfire are very different from the bird species that forage in shrublands that have not burned. In fact, the bird species foraging in burned shrublands are closely correlated with the age of the burn, or the number of years that have passed since the fire. Certain birds forage at one-year post fire, different birds forage at threeyears post fire, and so on. These birds could be called a foundation species . b keystone species . c generalist species . d indicator species . e newly evolved species . ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult TOP: 4-5 WHAT ROLES DO SPECIES PLAY IN AN ECOSYSTEMS? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: APPLICATION 34. An intertidal species of seastar helps to maintain the diversity of the intertidal region by controlling the mussel population. Without the seastar, the mussel population would crowd out other species and take over their territory. The seastar could be called a(n) a indicator species . b keystone species . c foundation species . d aggressive species . e repressor species . ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: 4-5 WHAT ROLES DO SPECIES PLAY IN AN ECOSYSTEM? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: APPLICATION 35. Specialist species a are very adaptable . b tolerate a wide range of environments . c are more likely to become extinct . d eat a wide variety of food . e all of these answers . ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: 4-5 WHAT ROLES DO SPECIES PLAY IN AN ECOSYSTEM? 84

BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: COMPREHENSION 36. Amphibians are a frogs, toads, and salamanders. . b fish, frogs, and salamanders. . c salamanders, sea anemone, and frogs . d clams, oysters, frogs, and toads. . e toads, sea urchins and frogs . ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: 4-5 WHAT ROLES DO SPECIES PLAY IN ECOSYSTEMS? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: KNOWLEDGE 37. Approximately what percentage of amphibian species is threatened with extinction and declining worldwide? a 43% . b 33% . c 33%, 43% . d 80% . e 43%, 53% . ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: 4-5 WHAT ROLES DO SPECIES PLAY IN ECOSYSTEMS? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: KNOWLEDGE 38. Which of the following is not a factor that is contributing to the decline in amphibian populations? a habitat loss and fragmentation . b viral and fungal diseases and parasites . c increase in UV radiation . d prolonged drought . e hunting of frogs for froglegs, a delicacy that is served in restaurants . ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Easy TOP: 4-5 WHAT ROLES DO SPECIES PLAY IN ECOSYSTEMS? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: COMPREHENSION 39. It can be said that amphibian populations are declining worldwide, a but only in areas that are greatly disturbed by human activities . 85

b . c . d . e .

in all areas except in protected wildlife preserves, where they are increasing somewhat except in the Arctic where they are surviving okay in all areas, even in protected wildlife preserves and parks in all areas, except tropical rainforests where the very large populations can withstand some disturbance

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: 4-5 WHAT ROLES DO SPECIES PLAY IN ECOSYSTEMS? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: KNOWLEDGE 40. Which of the following statements is true regarding keystone species? a Animals can be keystone species, but plants cannot. . b Top predators can be keystone species, but other animals cannot. . c Insects can never be keystone species because they are pests. . d Some keystone species are more vulnerable to extinction than other species. . e A species must have a very large population size in order to be a keystone species. . ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate TOP: 4-5 WHAT ROLES DO SPECIES PLAY IN AN ECOSYSTEM? BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: COMPREHENSION TRUE/FALSE 1. When local environmental conditions change, background extinction can cause loss of species. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: COMPREHENSION 2. In speciation, two species interbreed to form one new species. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: KNOWLEDGE

3. The size of the planet has significant influences that impact life on the planet. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: COMPREHENSION

4. Houseflies would probably adapt to an environmental change much more quickly than a human. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: APPLICATION 86

5. Extinction results in the permanent loss of genetic diversity. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: KNOWLEDGE 6. One of the reasons that sharks are hunted is for their fins which are widely used as a soup ingredient in Asia. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: KNOWLEDGE 7. It is impossible for a shark to drown. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: KNOWLEDGE 8. Heritable traits that give an individual some advantage over other individuals in the population are called adaptive traits. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: KNOWLEDGE 9. Genes mutate, individuals are selected and populations evolve. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate BLOOM’S TAXONOMY: COMPREHENSION 10. The biologic...