chap 1 text bank PDF

Preview

Summary

Download chap 1 text bank PDF

Description

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chapter01:IntroductiontoPerception MultipleChoice 1.“Perceivingmachines”thatcannegotiatetheenvironmentwithhumanlikeease_____. a.weredevelopedbycomputerscientistsinthe1960s b.weredevelopedbycomputerscientistsinthe1970s c.weredevelopedbycomputerscientistsinthe1990s d.haveyettobedeveloped ANSWER:d 2.Becauseperceptionissomethingyouexperience_____,knowingabouthowitworksisinterestinginitsownright. a.Intermittently b.whennecessary c.whenimportant d.constantly ANSWER:d 3.Theonlywaytosee,hear,taste,smell,andfeelwhatyouwanttoexperienceisby_____. a.identifyingstimulusinputs b.discriminatingamongsimilarstimuli c.developingnecessarycognitiveconstructs d.activatingsensoryreceptors ANSWER:d 4.Steven’sauditoryreceptorsweredamagedfailingtousehearingprotectionwhenworkinginaloudenvironment.As result,wecanexpectthat_____. a.theareasofhisbrainassociatedwithauditoryperceptionwillhavediminishedconsiderablyinsize b.heisalmostcertainlypermanentlyandcompletelydisabledandlikelytorequireassistancetoliveindependently c.hewillbeunabletoworkwithoutspecialsupport,suchastheuseofhearingaids d.hisauditoryexperienceswilldifferfromthoseofanindividualwhosereceptorshavenotbeendamaged ANSWER:d 5.Whichofthefollowingisthefirstcategoryofthestagesintheperceptualprocess? a.stimuli b.neuralProcessing c.serendipity d.behavioralresponses ANSWER:a

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 1

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chapter01:IntroductiontoPerception 6.Theprocessoftransformingenergyintheenvironmentintoelectricalenergyintheneuronsiscalled_____. a.refraction b.transduction c.reduction d.Construction ANSWER:b 7.______isthestepintheperceptualprocessthatisanalogoustowhathappensduringanATMwithdrawal,when pressurefrombuttonpressbecomeselectricalenergy,andthenbecomesamechanicalresponseresultinginthe dispensingofmoney. a.Knowledge b.Transference c.Action d.Transduction ANSWER:d 8.Thespecifictermforthe“stimulusonthereceptors”invisualprocessingisthe_____. a.transducedimage b.environmentalstimulus c.visualimage d.perception ANSWER:c 9.Theimageprojectedontheretinaisbestdescribedasa(n)______oftheactualstimulus. a.representation b.environmentalstimulus c.replication d.scalemodel ANSWER:a 10.Whichbrainstructureisresponsibleforcreatingperceptionsandproducingother“high”levelfunctionssuchas language,memory,andthinking? a.brainstem b.cerebralcortex c.hypothalamus d.occipitallobe ANSWER:b

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 2

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chapter01:IntroductiontoPerception 11.Visualformagnosiaisaproblemofthe_____stepoftheperceptualprocess. a.action b.attention c.transduction d.recognition ANSWER:d 12.Whichstatementbestdescribesthestepsoftheperceptualprocess? a.Thestepsareunidirectional,startingattheenvironmentalstimulusandendingatperception. b.Thestepsareunidirectional,startingattheenvironmentalstimulusandendingatknowledge. c.Thestepsareunidirectional,startingattransductionandendingatrecognition. d.Thesequenceofstepsisdynamicandconstantlychanging. ANSWER:d 13.Ifapersonseestheunambiguous“rat”stimulus,andthenviewstheambiguous“rat-man”figure,thepersonwillmos likelyreportseeing_____. a.arat,becauseoftheeffectofknowledge b.aman,becausewetendtoseethingsthatmatchourspecies c.arat,becauseoftheeffectofaction d.aratoramanequally ANSWER:a 14.Justinforgottowearhisglassestoclasssothewritingheseesonthechalkboardisblurry.Evenso,heissureitsays “PopQuiz!”becauseheknowsthattherearepopquizzesintheclassandhecanreadthe“P”andthe“Q”.What allowshimtoreadtheboard? a.bottom-upprocessing b.obliqueprocessing c.top-downprocessing d.compression ANSWER:c 15._____processingisbasedonthestimulireachingthereceptors. a.Bottom-up b.Oblique c.Top-down d.Receptor ANSWER:a

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 3

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chapter01:IntroductiontoPerception 16.Tryingtoreadanotewrittenbysomeonewithpoorhandwritinginvolves_____. a.onlytop-downprocessing b.onlybottom-upprocessing c.bothtop-downandbottom-upprocessing d.onlydata-basedprocessing ANSWER:c 17.Thephysiologicallevelofanalysisinvolvestherelationshipbetween_____. a.stimulus-and-physiologyonly b.physiology-and-perceptiononly c.stimulus-and-perceptiononly d.bothstimulus-and-physiologyandphysiology-and-perception ANSWER:d 18.KimmyiscastingshadowsonthewallandwatchingwhetherhercatTigerjumpsattheshadowsornot.Sheuses differenthandmotionstoseeifthereisadifferenceinwhetherTigerjumpsornot.Kimmyisinformallystudying whichrelationship? a.thestimulus-physiologyrelationship b.thephysiology-perceptionrelationship c.thestimulus-perceptionrelationship d.theperception-behaviorrelationship ANSWER:c 19.Cognitiveinfluencesaffect_____levelofanalysis. a.onlythephysiological b.onlythepsychophysical c.boththephysiologicalandpsychophysical d.neitherthephysiologicalnorpsychophysical ANSWER:c 20.Thepsychophysicalmethodinwhichstimuliofvaryingintensitiesarepresentedinascendinganddescendingordersi discretestepsiscalledthemethodof_____. a.limits b.constantstimuli c.searching d.scaling ANSWER:a

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 4

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chapter01:IntroductiontoPerception 21.Whenusingthemethodoflimits,theabsolutethresholdisdeterminedbycalculating_____. a.thestimulusintensitydetected66%ofthetime b.thestimulusintensitydetected75%ofthetime c.thestimulusintensitydetected100%ofthetime d.theaverageofthe“cross-over”values ANSWER:d 22.Themethodoflimitstakesintoaccountthevariabilityofhumanperceptionby_____. a.consistentlypresentingsubliminalstimulitoavoidbias b.usingdeceptiontohidethetruepurpose c.averagingtheresultsofanumberoftrials d.measuringbrainactivityconcurrently ANSWER:c 23.Fechner’sandWeber’smethodsnotonlymadeitpossibletomeasuretheabilitytodetectstimuli,butalsomadeit possibleto_____. a.determinemechanismsresponsibleforexperiences b.identifythesubconsciousrationalesfortheresponses c.providescientificjustificationforintrospection d.localizebrainlesionsresponsibleforpoorperformance ANSWER:a 24.Thesmallestdifferencebetweentwostimulithatenablesustotellthedifferencebetweenthemiscalledthe_____. a.necessarydifference b.differencethreshold c.discriminantequation d.determinantlevel ANSWER:b 25.Basedonthedarkadaptationcurve,youwouldexpecttheabsolutethresholdto_____astimeinadarkenedroom increases. a.getlarger b.remainunchanged c.getsmaller d.varyunpredictably ANSWER:c

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 5

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chapter01:IntroductiontoPerception 26.Oneoftheimportantlimitationsoftheknowledgederivedfromdeterminingthresholdsisthat_____. a.perceptionincludesfarmorethanjustwhathappensatthethreshold b.themethodsarebasedfundamentallyonintrospection c.theoutcomesareofextremelylimitedreliability d.generalizationfromthelaboratorytoreallifeisnotpossible ANSWER:a 27.Ilsarecentlyhadastrokethathasdamagedherabilitytonameobjects.HerneurologistshowsIlsaapenandaskshe tonamewhatitis.Thisisbestdescribedasatestof_____. a.recognition b.Magnitude c.reactiontime d.description ANSWER:a 28.Thegame“Whack-a-Mole,”inwhichtheplayermust“whack”randomlyappearingmoleswithahammerasquickly aspossiblewhentheypeektheirheadsout,isbestdescribedasa_____task. a.recognition b.magnitude c.reactiontime d.Description ANSWER:c 29.Tinaisamedicallaboratoryworkerwhoisbeingtrainedtoreadtheresultsofcertainlaboratorytests.Inthisphaseo hertraining,shelooksatpreparedslidesandthenwritesasummaryofwhatshesees.Thistaskisbestdescribedas a(n)_____task. a.recognition b.magnitude c.reactiontime d.description ANSWER:d 30.Whichmethodsareusedtomeasurethequantitativerelationshipbetweenthestimulusandperception? a.description b.thephenomenologicalmethods c.reflection d.classicalpsychophysicalmethods ANSWER:d

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 6

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chapter01:IntroductiontoPerception 31.Fechner’spsychophysicalmethods_____. a.areimportantfromahistoricalperspectiveonly b.weredevelopedintheearly1960s c.showedthatmentalactivitycannotbemeasuredquantitatively d.arecurrentlyusedtotestaperson’shearingandvision ANSWER:d 32.Thefirststepintheprocedurefor_____istopresenttheparticipanta“standardstimulus”andassignanumerical valuetothatstimulus. a.Recognition b.Description c.phenomenologicalmethod d.magnitudeestimation ANSWER:d 33.Themethodofmagnitudeestimationyieldsameasureof_____magnitude. a.objective b.perceived c.difference d.absolute ANSWER:b 34.Asapartoftheinterviewprocessforhisdreamjob–qualitycontrolatasmall,luxurychocolatemanufacturer– Tonyisaskedtotastesmallpiecesofchocolateandthendescribewhathetastes.Tonyismostlikelybeingaskedto providea(n)_____. a.phenomenologicalreport b.magnitudeestimation c.adaptationcurve d.absolutethresholds ANSWER:a 35.Thequestion“Whatdoyousee?”isaskingabout_____. a.sensation b.discrimination c.recognition d.perception ANSWER:d

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 7

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chapter01:IntroductiontoPerception 36.Thequestion“Whatisit?”isaskingabout_____. a.sensation b.discrimination c.recognition d.perception ANSWER:c 37.Classicalpsychophysicalmethodsopenedthewayforthefoundingofscientificpsychologybyprovidingmethodsto measure_____. a.anaspectofthemind b.neurologicalactivation c.responsebias d.multiculturaleffects ANSWER:a 38.Neliaisridinginacarandnoticesthatstationaryobjectsclosertohermovefasterthanstationaryobjectsthatare further.Neliaisusingthe_____techniqueregardingperceptionofastimulus. a.detection b.search c.phenomenological d.magnitudeestimation ANSWER:c 39.Michaelalivesneartherailroadtracksandoftenhearstheloudbangsassociatedwithcarsbeingaddedtotrains. Whenafriendofhersisvisiting,thefriendbecomesalarmedatthesounds,wonderingwhattheyarebutMichaelais abletoreassureherfriendthatitisanormaltrain-relatedsound.Michaela’s_____skills,atleastinthissituation,are superiortoherfriend’s. a.recognition b.detection c.search d.adjustment ANSWER:a

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 8

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chapter01:IntroductiontoPerception 40.Abdelworksforacompanythatdesignsadaptedproductstohelppeoplewhohavetroublegraspingitems.Todayhe ismeetingwithchildrenwhohavedifficultygraspingasaresultoftraumaticbraininjuryandhasprovidedthemwith supplyofcrayonsthathavebeenadaptedinvariousways.Abdelwatchesasthechildrencolorwiththecrayons. Whichquestionishemostlikelyasking? a.Howquicklydothechildrenreacttothecrayons? b.Howdothechildreninteractwiththecrayons? c.Howdothechildrendescribethecrayons? d.Canthechildrenidentifythecrayons? ANSWER:b 41.The_____spectrumisabandofenergyrangingfromgammaraysattheshort-waveendofthespectrumtoAM radioandACcircuitsatthelong-waveend. a.light b.sound c.electromagnetic d.perceptual ANSWER:c 42.AccordingtoLudyBenjamin,ifchangesinphysicalstimulialwaysresultedinsimilarchangesinperceptionofthose stimuli,_____. a.theworldwouldbeunbearablycomplex b.remediationofsensorydeficitswouldbeimpossible c.therewouldbenoneedforpsychology d.theneurophysiologyofperceptionwouldbeclear ANSWER:c Essay 43.Discussthedifferencebetweensensationandperception. ANSWER:Sensationisoftenidentifiedasinvolvingsimple“elementary”processesthatoccurrightatthebeginning ofasensorysystem,aswhenlightstimulatesreceptorsintheeye.Incontrast,perceptionisidentified withcomplexprocessesthatinvolvehigher-ordermechanismssuchasinterpretationandmemorythat involveactivityinthebrain.Itisthereforeoftenstatedthatsensationinvolvesdetectingelementary propertiesofastimulus(Carlson,2010),andthatperceptioninvolvesthehigherbrainfunctionsinvolvedin interpretingeventsandobjects(Myers,2004).

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 9

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chapter01:IntroductiontoPerception 44.Namethefivequestionsabouttheperceptualworldoutlinedinthetextandprovideanexampleforeach. ANSWER:Whatistheperceptualmagnitudeofastimulus? Whatistheidentityofthestimulus? Howquicklycansomeonereacttothestimulus? Howcanwhatis“outthere”bedescribed? Howcansomeoneinteractwithwhatis“outthere?” Exampleswillvary. 45.Listsevenstepsfromastimulusintheenvironmenttoanactionbytheperceivingindividual,illustratingeachstepwit anexample. ANSWER:Stimulusintheenvironment Stimuluspassesthroughtheenvironmenttothereceptors Receptorprocesses Neuralprocessing Perception Recognition Action Exampleswillvary. 46.(a)Define“top-down”and“bottom-up”processing. (b)Discusshowthe“rat-man”demonstrationisusedtoexemplifythedistinctionbetweenthesetwotypesof processing. ANSWER:Bottom-upprocessing(alsocalleddata-basedprocessing)isprocessingthatisbasedonthestimuli reachingthereceptors.Top-downprocessing(alsocalledknowledge-basedprocessing)refersto processingthatisbasedonknowledge. Therat–mandemonstrationshowshowrecentlyacquiredknowledge(“thatpatternisarat”)can influenceperception.Whenindividualsareinitiallyshownafigurethatlookslikearat,theyaremorelikel toidentifyanambiguousrat-manfigureasaratwhilethosewhoinitiallyseeamanaremorelikelyto identifyitasaman, 47.Nameandprovideexamplesofthethreerelationshipsusedtostudyperceptualprocesses. ANSWER:RelationshipA:Thestimulus–perceptionrelationship RelationshipB:Thestimulus–physiologicalrelationship RelationshipC:Thephysiology–perceptionrelationship

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 10

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chapter01:IntroductiontoPerception 48.Describethemethodoflimitsandhowitisused. ANSWER:Inthemethodoflimits,theexperimenterpresentsstimuliineitherascendingorder(intensityisincreased) ordescendingorder(intensityisdecreased).Forexample,supposeanexperimenterisstudyingthe perceptionoftones.Onthefirstseriesoftrials,theexperimenterbeginsbypresentingatonewithan intensitywewillcall103,andtheobserverindicatesbya“yes”responsethathehearsthetone.This responseisindicatedbyaYatanintensityof103inthefarleftcolumnofthetable.Theexperimenter thenpresentsanothertone,atalowerintensity,andtheobserverrespondstothistone.Thisprocedure continues,withtheobservermakingajudgmentateachintensityuntilheresponds“no,”hedidnothear thetone.Thischangefrom“yes”to“no,”indicatedbythedashedline,isthecrossoverpoint,andthe thresholdforthisseriesistakenasthemeanbetween99and98,or98.5.Thenextseriesoftrialsbegins belowtheobserver’sthreshold,sothathesays“no”onthefirsttrial(intensity95),andcontinuesuntilhe says“yes”(whentheintensityreaches100).Noticethatthecrossoverpointwhenstartingbelowthe thresholdisslightlydifferent.Becausethecrossoverpointsmayvaryslightly,thisprocedureisrepeateda numberoftimes,startingabovethethresholdhalfthetimeandstartingbelowthethresholdhalfthetime. Thethresholdisthendeterminedbycalculatingtheaverageofallofthecrossoverpoints. 49.Whatismeantbytheabsolutethreshold?Whataboutthedifferencethreshold? ANSWER:Theabsolutethresholdisthesmalleststimuluslevelthatcanjustbedetected.Thedifferencethresholdis thesmallestdifferencebetweentwostimulithatenablesustotellthedifferencebetweenthem. 50.Whyisthedifferencebetweenphysicalandperceptualimportant? ANSWER:Whatphysicalmeasuringinstrumentsrecordandwhatweperceivearetwodifferentthings.The Hermanngridcreatesan“illusoryperception”inwhichweperceivedarkspotsthataren’tphysically present.Butsometimeswefailtoperceivestimulithatarephysicallypresent.Perceptionispsychology, notphysics,andperceptualresponsesarenotnecessarilythesameastheresponsesofphysical measuringdevices.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 11...