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Chapter 31: Sponges, Cnidarians, Ctenophores, and Protostomes Learning Objectives Reminder: Be sure to study the cladograms. That will be helpful. After reading the associated assignment in the textbook, attending lecture, and/ or attending the accompanying laboratory and recitation, you should be able to: 1. Describe the distinguishing features, cells, and structure of sponges [Poriferans] (remembering/understanding) 2. Name and describe three groups (classes), the three body forms and the three types of skeletons of sponges (remembering/understanding) 3. Describe the distinguishing features and structure of phylum Cnidaria including the structure of the cnidocyte. (remembering/understanding) 4. Name and describe the two body forms and four classes of cnidarians (remembering/understanding) Lophotrochozoans 5. Describe the general characteristics of lophotrochozoans and name the associated phyla. (remembering/understanding) 6. Identify distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) (remembering/understanding) 7. Name and give examples of the four classes of Phylum Platyhelminthes. Name, describe features and characteristics of Class Turbellaria (also see lab materials) (remembering/understanding) 8. Name, describe features and characteristics of Phylum Mollusca (remembering/understanding) 9. Name, describe features and characteristics, and give examples of the three main classes of Phylum Mollusca (remembering/understanding) (also see lab materials) 10. Identify distinguishing characteristics of annelids (Phylum Annelida) (remembering/understanding) 11. Name, describe the features and characteristics, and give examples of the three main groups (classes) of annelids (remembering/understanding) Ecdyzoans 12. Describe general characteristics of ecdyzoans and name the associated phyla (remembering/understanding) 13. Describe distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Nematoda including sexual dimorphism

(remembering/understanding) 14. Describe general characteristics of arthropods (remembering/understanding) 15. Name, describe the features and characteristics, and give examples of the associated subphyla and classes of arthropods (remembering/understanding)

Some New Words surface rings seen on some organisms such as leeches or earthworms an ear-like flap that is involved in chemical detection and not sound reception organisms that have two connected halves to the shell such as clams, each half is called a valve Cephalic having a head Cnidocyte a specialized cell found in cnidarians that is used in feeding and protection Medusa one of two body forms of cnidarians (jellyfish form) Nerve net a net-like formation of nerves that both conduct and send impulses Polyp one of two body forms of cnidarians Definitive host organism in which the parasite passes through sexual development, site of sexual reproduction Dioecious having separate males and females Eumetazoa animals that developed true tissues Eyesot light sensing structure that lacks a lens Gastrovascular cavity central cavity in which digestion occurs: has a mouth only, no anus Hydrostatic skeleton fluid filled compartment upon which muscles contact and produce movement in animals Intermediate host organism in which the parasite passes through the asexual stage of development, site of asexual reproduction Mantle sheet of epithelial tissue that covers the visceral mass (internal organs) in mollusks Monoecious having both male and female reproductive structures on the same organism Platyhelminthes phylum containing the flat worms Parazoa animals that did not develop true tissues - sponges Poriferans phylum containing the sponges Amoeboid cell gives rise to all cells and the skeleton of a sponge, also transport food Choanocyte a flagellated “feeding cell” found in sponges, also called collar cell Osculum opening by which water flows out from the central cavity (spongocoel) of a sponge Mesohyl gelatin-like layer between the two surfaces of a sponge Spicule a supporting skeletal spike in sponges (may be protein, silica, or calcium carbonate) Spongocoel a centrally located cavity in a sponge (not involved in digestion) Proglottid individual body segment of cestodes, tapeworms Protonephridia one types of osmoregulatory structure: it has flame cells with cilia on the internal end where the fluid is collected from the interstitium Radula belt of teeth (chiton) in the mouth of some mollusks, used to scrape the substrate or make a hole in a shell Scolex anterior end of a cestode (tapeworm) on which the holdfast structures used to attach to the host’s intestine are located Septum(a) a dividing “wall” such as the tissue dividing the individual segments of an earthworm Seta(e) stiff hair-like structure, bristle, it can be found on the outside of the individual segments of an earthworm Syncytium (syncytial epidermis) a multinucleated cell arising from the fusion of individual cells or the specialize connection via gap junctions as seen in the heart muscle for example Visceral mass internal organs Annulus(i) Auricle Bivalve

Slide Evolutionary relationships between clades

Objective 1: Describe the distinguishing features, cells, and structure of sponges [Poriferans] (remembering/understanding

Slide Phylum Porifera – the sponges

multicellularity

Cell Porocyte Choanocyte Amoebocyt e

Function Water entry through pores, contraction regulates flow Filter feeding cells, produce gametes Receive food from choanocytes, transport to other cells, produce all cells types

Slide Sponges continued Cell/structure Spongocoel Osculum Mesohyl Skeleton Monoecious (hermaphrodite )

Function Water filled cavity Water exit point Matrix between external and internal cell surfaces Internal, silica and/or protein Produce both sperm and egg cells

Objective 2: Name and describe three groups (classes), the three body forms and the three types of skeletons of sponges (remembering/understanding) Slide Canal systems and body forms Class Asconoid Water flows through porocytes into spongocoel lined with choanocytes and out osculum Class Syconoid Water flows through porocytes along canals lined by choanocytes and out osculum Class Leuconoid Water flows through porocytes into feeding chambers lined with choanocytes and out multiple oscula

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/J_Roberts4/publication/254914411/figure/fig5/AS:669490064941062@1536630278354/Diagram-illustrating-patterns-of-seawater-flow-through-three-different-sponge-body.png

No slide Sponges have skeletons in mesophyll Calcarea calcium carbonate Hexitinellida (glass sponges) Silica Demospongia (composition varies) spongin (collagen protein) silica both neither one

Eumetazoans Radiata Objective 3: Describe the distinguishing features and structure of phylum Cnidaria including the structure of the cnidocyte. (remembering/understanding) Slide Name derivation Cnidocyte  Specialized epithelial cell Cnidocyte structure Structure/part Nematocyst Operculum Cnidocil

function Fluid-filled organelle, extends thread when discharged Cover (lid) trigger

Discharge process _________________________________________________________________________

tissues multicellularity

Slide Cnidarians Previously discussed Diploblastic, radial symmetry, two body forms – poly and medusa Polyp

Medusa

Feature Gastrovascular cavity Mesoglea Nereve net Hydrostatic skeleton

Function/characteristic Digestive cavity (one opening) Jelly-like layer between endoderm and ectoderm Movement Movement (fluid-filled G.C)

Objective 4. Name and describe the two body forms and four classes of cnidarians (remembering/understanding) No slide

Cnidarian classes

Hydrozoa Polyps

Scyphozoa Jellyfish

Anthozoa Flower animals Corals, anemones

Cubozoa Box jellyfish

Class Cubozoa (box jellyfish)

Protostomes Bilateria Lophotrochozoans Objective 5. Describe the general characteristics of lophotrochozoans and name the associated phyla. (remembering/understanding)

Ancestral featurs Multicellularity Tissues (three tissue layers) [ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm] Triploblastic Bilateral symmetry Protostomic development Other features vary with class The Phyla Platyhelminthes, Mollusca, and Annelida all have these features No slide previously discussed

Objective 6: Identify distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) (remembering/understanding)

Slide Phylum Platyhelminthes Acoleomate, unsegmented flatworms (also see lab materials) [Cetodes however are segmented] Organ level [No organs for circulation or gas exchange.] ___________________________________________________________________________ Simple nervous system ___________________________________________________________________________ Gastrovascular cavity (digestion) ___________________________________________________________________________

Objective 7: Name and give examples of the four classes of Phylum Platyhelminthes. Name, describe features and characteristics of Class Turbellaria (also see lab materials) (remembering/understanding)

No slide

Four classes of platyhelminthes Free living flatworms Class Turbellaria (only free-living flatworms) - planarian observed in lab

Parasitic flatworms Class Trematoda (flukes)

Class Monogenea (flukes) Class Cestoda (tapeworms) [observed as slides in lab] NOTE: This class is referred to as the segmented flat worms.

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Slide Class Cestoda Parasitic flatworms, segmented flatworms (also see lab materials)    

Internal parasites of vertebrates Modified anterior end into hold fast Lost digestive cavity Lost sense organs

Objective 8: Name, describe features and characteristics of Phylum Mollusca (remembering/understanding)

No slide General molluscan features [body plan] A. Soft body with visceral mass B. Head [gastropods and cephalopods] C. Foot [solid in bivalves and gastropods; tentacles in cephalopods] D. Mantle [sheet of epithelial tissue; very visible in bivalves E. Coelom - coelomates F. Circulation a. Open [bivalves and gastropods] b. Closed [cephalopods] G. Radula [tongue-like structure with chitinous teeth; has poisonous barbs in cone snails] H. Respiration 1. Pulmonate Having lungs [land dwelling snails] 2. Gills Fresh water and marine snails, bivalves, and cephalopods

I. Movement 1. Muscular foot Bivalves and snails 2. Modified foot Tentacles in some cephalopods – the octopus 2. Water expelled through siphon Cephalopods and some bivalves J. Digestive system Complete

Objective 9: Name, describe features and characteristics, and give examples of the three main classes of Phylum Mollusca (remembering/understanding) (also see lab materials)

The three classes in Phylum Mollusca: Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda (generically called head-foot animals) Slide

Class Gastropoda Examples snails, slugs, conchs, sea slugs, and their relatives ___________________________________________________________________________ Habitat  Freshwater, marine, terrestrial Slide Characteristic

Function

Shell (most)

Protection, spiral coil, flat, or absent coils right or left

Body - torsion Body - cephalic Body - tentacles Radula – many species Radula - adaptation Respiration - gills Respiration - pulmonate

Twisting (independente of shell coiling) Head well developed One set with eyes, one set is sensory Belt of chitinous teeth Poisonous barbs (cone snail) Specialized epithelium - water Epithelium (mantle) functions as lung - air

Slide

Class Bivalvia Examples Clams, oysteres, mussels, scallops and their relatives Habitat  Freshwater and marine Characteristic Shell structure Body – lateral compression Body – acephalic Body – foot Respiration – siphons Respiration – gills Circulation – open Circulation - heart Coelom

Function Two halves (valves) connected by flexible hinges Side to side flattened No head Solid,muscular, used for digging Water and food intake incurrent and excurrente Specialized epithelium Fluid flows out 3 chambers in coelum

Slide

Class Cephalopoda Examples Octopus, squid, nautilus, cuttlefish Habitat  marine http://www.aquariumofpacific.org/images/olc/nautilusj.baecker_berlin_zoo_aquarium_pd600.jpg

http://www.greenfacts.org/glossary/images/cephalopod.jpg

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Slide

Feature Function/characteristic Shell Octopus – no nautilus – yes squid - reduced Body-head All cephalic (pronounced head0 Body – eyes Well developed (indirect) Brain Well developed (significant learning in octopus) Foot Divided into tentacles (surround mouth) Radula and beak Absent in nautilus Respiration Gills in mantle cavity Movement Funnel-like siphon (also water in for respiration) Buoyancy Nautilus secretes gas into shell chambers control Protection Chromatophores Pigment cells that color changes (nervous control) Iridophores Pigment cells that reflect light (iridescent)

Objective 10: Identify distinguishing characteristics of annelids (Phylum Annelida) (remembering/understanding)

Phylum Annelida (ringed) (segmented roundworms) (lab) No slide I. General features A. Segmentation Segmented round worms B. Septa Internal membranous partitions C. Annuli Surface rings indicating where the septa are located Leeches have only surface annuli and not septa D. Setae External bristles of epithelial origin Not found in leeches. E. Nervous system

F. Circulatory system Closed system G. Digestive system Complete H. Respiration Across body surface I. Excretory system J. Reproduction Monoecious – both male and female reproductive structures on same organism K. Coelomates

Objective 11: Name, describe the features and characteristics, and give examples of the three main groups (classes) of annelids (remembering/understanding)

Three classes of Phylum Annelida are Polychaeta, Oligochaete and Hirudinea Class Oligochaeta also see lab materials

Slide

Class Polychaeta and Class Oligochaeta are segmented round worms Feature Habitat Statocysts – gravitational orientation, found in annelids, mollusks, cnidarians, and echinoderms Cuticle

Class Polychaeta Marine

Class Oligochaeta Freshwater, marine, terrestrial

Fibrous, collagen, and mucus

Proteins, lipids, mucus (moisture)

Cephalic Setae

Yes Multiple on parapodia

No, acephalic Produces thick fluid used to form cocoon

Jaws with pedipalps Feeding

yes Predators (free living) filter feeder (tube or burrow)

Free living – Tube or burrow –

Eyes Antennae Sensory tentacles Parapodia Clitellum

yes yes yes Yes (locomotion, gas exchange)

Slide

Class Hirudinea - the leeches Hirudin is secreted anticoagulant Habitat  freshwater, marine, moist land environments Parasites  blood-sucking parasites Medicinal use  remove accumulated fluid and blood after injury, disease, or surgery Body Annuli  surface rings also seen in earthworms Setae  none Appendages  none also as in earthworms Suckers  muscular structures at both ends Ecdysozoa Polyphyletic group Nematoda and Arthropoda Objective 12: Describe general characteristics of ecdyzoans and name the associated phyla (remembering/understanding)

Objective 13: Describe distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Nematoda including sexual dimorphism (remembering/understanding)

Phylum Nematoda [elongated round worms] (Also see lab materials.) Additional features other than with cladogram above.

Slide Phylum Nematoda Habitat  freshwater, marine, and terrestrial o (some parasitic – (ascaris in lab)) Feature Habitat Shape Pseudocoelomate Surface covering

Function/characteristic Freshwater, marine, and terrestrial Elongated and round Also no interal septa Membrane bound cuticle smooth No annuli, no setae Fluid, hydrostatic (later) Fixed number of cells

Skeleton Eutely Reproduction Separate sexes Dioecious Sexually dimorphic Males physically different from females Other systems

muscles, digestive tract (complete)

No slide Ascaris (lab) common intestinal parasite Hookworms intestinal parasite, sucks blood Pinworms commonly found in children Trichina worm internal parasite of animals; humans infected by eating undercooked, infected meat

Objective 14: Describe general characteristics of arthropods (remembering/understanding)

Phylum Arthropoda (Also see lab materials.) Additional features other than with cladogram above. Slide Phylum Arthropoda Most successful group – 80% of known animals Feature Habitat Coelomate Segmented

Appendages Exoskeleton Senses Respiration Gills Tracheal tubes Book lungs

Characteristic/function Freshwater, marine, terrestrial Repetition of body parts allows specialization of body parts seen in annelide, arthropods, chordates Paired, jointed – many functions Chitin – protects against moisture loss and, to some extent, predators Many sense organs including antennae and compound eyes (later) (System needed due to hard exoskeleton) Truly aquatic arthropods Terrestrial form Some terrestrial forms

No slide Other arthropod systems 1. Circulatory – open with hemolymph 2. Digestive - complete [similar to earthworms] 3. Reproductive - sexual, some hermophroditic

Objective 15: Name, describe the features and characteristics, and give examples of the associated

subphyla and classes of arthropods (remembering/understanding)

No slide

Slide

Subphylum Chelicerata Feature Mandible or Maxillae (chewing) Chelicerae Pedipalps Antennae Body Classes Merostoma

Arachnida appendages food source

Characteristic/function none First pair Fangs or pinchers (defining feature) Second pair Used like “arms” for manipulation Only arthropods without any Cephalothorax and abdomen Horseshoe crabs

spiders [lab], scorpions, ticks, harvestmen (daddy longlegs), mites jointed (4 pair legs) most carnivores

No Slide Ticks a group of arachnids parasites transmit bacteria causing Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Lyme disease

Slide

Subphylum Crustacea Members Crayfish, lobsters, crabs, shrimp, barnacles

Feature Mandibles and maxillae Appendage structure Uniramous

Characteristic/function Yes, manipulate and chew food

Biramous Antennae

Branched – antennules, swimmerets 2 pairs 9(antennae and antennules) Taste and touch Cephalothorax and abdomen Dioecious Sexually dimorphic Compound eyes Statocysts (later) Regulate salt balance (lab, later)

Body Reproduction Senses ExcretionAntennal glands

Slide

Subphylum Hexapoda Class Insecta

Not branched – antennae

Feature Body

Characteristic/function Regions

Head, thorax, and abdomen

Thorax Uniramous appendages Wings Antennae Eyes Simple (ocelli)

Three regions with a leg attached Three pairs of legs extend from thorax (one pair in each segment) Many have one or two pairs of wings One pair

Compound Mandibles and maxillae

Thousands of lenses make up this eye Chewing, piercing, lapping, labial palps

Simple eyes...