Chaper 5 The Nervous System PDF

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Chapter 5 Medical Terminology Notes for Bruce Hanik...

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The Nervous System-- Neurology and Psychiatry The nervous system serves as the body’s communications network, coordinating data reception with appropriate reaction. This network is composed of two parts: the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system. The peripheral nervous system collects data. It receives information such as temperature, pain, light, and pressure from its surroundings. As quickly as it receives input, it transmits it to an analytic center via special conduits known as nerves. The unified collection of cells in the brain and spine are known as the central nervous system. The CNS processes the details and formulates a response. Commands are directed back to the appropriate body parts via nerves. This constant progression of receiving, reasoning, and reacting repeats itself continuously as we go about our daily lives. The voluntary command of the body’s actions is known as the somatic nervous system. It involves the relationship of the nervous system with the musculoskeletal system. Involuntary actions are controlled by the autonomic nervous system and encompasses everything from the beating of our heart, to sweating, to digesting food. CNS also possesses supporting structures to protect and maintain itself. Cerebrospinal fluid surrounds the brain and spinal cord and acts as a shock absorber. Brain consumed 20-25% of bodys oxygen and 20% of blood pumped is sent to the brain (sent through blood vessels) The term migraine comes from the word hemicronias which means half the head Tachyphasia is a disease when a person speaks too fast. Abnormal accumulation of spinal fluid in the brain is hydrocephaly Little brain - cerebellum Suffix asthenic- phonasthenia, myasthenia Cephalus- stuff inside your head 5.1 Word Parts of the Nervous System Structure of the nervous system The nerves that send and receive signals from the brain are collectively known as and make up the peripheral nervous system. Your brain and spinal cord (myelo) are called the and make up the central nervous system. The brain has several sections (lobes) and is divided into two halves (hemispheres). The largest portion of your brain is the cerebrum. Under the cerebrum is the cerebellum, which controls things like coordination and movements. Your CNS is fragile and needs a protective membrane (meninges). The tough outer layer is known as the dura. Scientific term for octopus, squid, and other sea creatures that have a head and tentacles is called cephalopod.

Term

Roots

Examples

brain

cerebr/o, encephal/o

Cerebropathy, encephalitis

cerebellum

cerebell/o

Cerebellar, cerebellitis

Lobe

lob/o

Lobotomy, lobectomy

Head

cephal/o

Microcephaly, macrocephaly

Head, skull

crani/o

Craniomalacia

Meninges (membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord)

mening/o, meningi/o

Meningitis men-in-JAI-tis

Dura (tough outer membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord)

dur/o (means hard)

Epidural, subdural hematoma

Nerve

neur/o

Neuralgia, neuropathy

Nerve bundle

gangli/o

Ganglion (knot), gangliitis

Spinal cord, bone marrow

myel/o

Myelitis, myelodysplasia

Central nervous sytem: - Aphasia - Dyslexia - Syncope Peripheral Nervous System: - Dysethesia - Neuralgia - Hyperesthesia Neurosurgery is a surgery used to treat problems of the nervous systems support structures

Function of the nervous system Term

Root

Example

Feeling, sensation

esthesi/o

Anesthesia, hyperesthesia, esthetics (aesthetics)

Speech

phas/o

aphasia

Mind

phren/o, psych/o

Phrenetic, psychology

Sleep

Somn/o, somn/i, hypn/o

Somnography, insomnia, hypnosis

Know

gnosi/o

Agnosia, diagnosis, prognosis Auto/somato/gnosis self/body/know

Excessive desire

Suffix: -mania

Pyromania, kleptomania

Excessive fear or sensitivity

Suffix: -phobia

Photophobia, hydrophobia

Slight or partial paralysis

Suffix: -paresis

Hemiparesis

Muscle tone, tension, pressure

ton/o

Dystonia, tonograph

Arrangement, order, coordination

tax/o

Ataxia, hypotaxia Taxi/dermy - arrange/skin

Paralysis

Suffix: -plegia, -paresis

Example: quadriplegia Greek meaning of plegia is “to strike”

Weakness

Suffix: -asthenia

Myasthenia, phonasthenia

Fears: ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏

ablutophobia—the fear of taking a bath acrophobia—the fear of heights alektorophobia—the fear of chickens arachnophobia—the fear of spiders cynophobia—the fear of dogs dendrophobia—the fear of trees gynophobia—the fear of women ichthyphobia—the fear of fish nyctophobia—the fear of night phobophobia—the fear of being afraid triskaidekaphobia—the fear of the number 13 Agoraphobia- fear of outdoor spaces Hydrophobia- fear of water Kleptomania- desire to steal Photophobia- excessive sensitivity to light Pyromania- desire to set fire

5.2 Subjective: patient history, problems, complaints Typical neurological complaints usually fall into problems with either the peripheral or central nervous system. Some patients with peripheral nervous system complaints have problems with the signals being sent to the brain… may be sending painful signals (neuralgia, causalgia) or their brains could have problems receiving sensations (hyperesthesia, dysesthesia). Other problems relate to interruptions in receiving signals from the brain or spinal cord, which could lead to partial or complete paralysis. Fainting (syncope) is an example of the CNS affecting the whole body. More focused problems are with speaking (aphasia, dysphasia) and reading (dyslexia). Most common are depression and anxiety, abnormal fears (phobias), unhealthy obsessions (manias), when a patient enters a sudden state of confusion or loss of awareness its delirium. When its permanent its dementia. Term

Definition

Word analysis

Aphasia

Inability to speak

a/ phas/ ia not/ speaking/ condition

Ataxia

Lack of coordination

a/ taxia no/ coordination

Catatonia

Condition characterized by reduced muscle tone

cata/ ton / ia down/ muscle / tone

Delirium

Brief loss of mental function

From Latin, for “to plow outside the furrow” → “go off the tracks”

Dementia

loss/ decline in mental function

de/ ment/ ia Down / mind/ condition

Dyskinesia

Difficulty moving

dys/ kinesia bad/ movement

Dyslexia

Difficulty reading

dys/ lex/ ia bad/ reading/ condition

Dysphasia

Difficulty speaking

dys/ phas/ ia bad/ speaking / condition

Dystonia

Condition characterized by involuntary muscle movements

dys / ton / ia bad/ muscle tone/ condition

Insomnia

Inability to sleep

in/ somn/ ia not/ sleeping/ condition

Myoclonus

Muscle twitching

myo/ clonus muscle/ turmoil

Myospasm

Involuntary muscle contraction

myo/ spasm muscle/ involuntary condition

Neurasthenia

Nerve weakness

neur/ asthenia nerve/ weakness

Somnambulism

Sleep walking

somn/ ambul/ ism sleep/ walk/ condition

Syncope

Fainting; losing consciousness due to temporary loss of blood flow to brain

From Greek for “contraction” or “cut off”

Pain

Term

Definition

Word analysis

Cephalalgia

Head pain

cephal/ algia head/ pain

Cephalodynia

Head pain

cephalo/ dynia head/ pain

Encephalalgia

Brain pain

encephal/ algia brain/ pain

neuralgia/ neurodynia

Nerve pain

neur/ algia, neuro/ dynia nerve/ pain, nerve/ pain

Term

Definition

Word analysis

Hemiparesis

Partial paralysis on half of the body

hemi/ paresis half/ partial paralysis

Hemiplegia

Paralysis on half the body

hemi/ plegia half/ paralysis

Monoparesis

Partial paralysis of one limb

mono/ paresis one/ partial paralysis

Monoplegia

Paralysis of one limb

mono/ plegia one/ paralysis

Paralysis

Complete loss of sensation and motor function

From Greek, for “to disable”

Paresis

Partial paralysis characterized by varying degrees of sensation and motor function

From Greek, for “to let go” or “to slacken”

Term

Definition

Word analysis

Causalgia

Painful sensation of burning

caus/ algia burn/ pain

Dysesthesia

Bad feeling

dys/ esthesia

Paralysis

Sensation/ feeling

bad/ sensation Hyperesthesia

Increased sensation

hyper/ esthesia over/ sensation

Paresthesia

Abnormal sensation (usually numbness or tingling in the skin)

par/ esthesia beside/ sensation

Pseudesthesia

False sensation

pseud/ esthesia false/ sensation

autosomatognosis

Feeling or sensing of a missing limb

Synesthesia

Condition where one sensation is experienced as another

syn/ esthesia together/ sensation

Term

Definition

Word analysis

Acrophobia

Fear of heights

acro/ phobia heights/ excessive fear

Agoraphobia

Fear of outdoor spaces

agora/ phobia marketplace/ excessive fear

Hydrophobia

Fear of water

hydro/ phobia water/ excessive fear

Kleptomania

Desire to steal

klepto/ mania theft/ excessive desire

Photophobia

Excessive sensitivity to light

photo/ phobia light/ excessive sensitivity

Pyromania

Desire to set fire

pyro/ mania fire/ excessive desire

ablutophobia

Fear of taking a bath

acrophobia

Fear of heights

alektrophobia

Fear of chickens

arachnophobia

Fear of spiders

cynophobia

Fear of dogs

Phobia/ mania

dendrophobia

Fear of trees

gynophobia

Fear of women

ichthyphobia

Fear of fish

nyctophobia

Fear of night

phobophobia

Fear of being afraid

triskaidekaphobia

The fear of the number 13

5.3 Observation and Discovery-- objective Strength and coordination check efferent pathways, the pathways that lead from the brain to the peripheral nerves. The most common lab work done for the neurologic system is testing patient’s cerebrospinal fluid, which is obtained via lumbar puncture. This is a procedure in which a needle is gently inserted between the vertebrae of the lower spine and a small amount of fluid is drawn and evaluated for signs of infection and other types of inflammation. The most common imaging technique is the computed tomography (CT) scan -- benefit is speed. When more detail is needed, or when the cerebellum is of special importance, a magnetic resonance image (MRI) is beneficial. Ultrasounds can be used to assess blood circulation to the brain and monitor the speed of the blood passing through the vessels, helpful in detecting both blockages and bleeding. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is when dye is injected into the bloodstream and an MRI is performed. A common procedure for analyzing the electric function of the brain is an electroencephalogram (EEG)... electrodes are placed around the skull and the brain’s electric currents are monitored. This is the most effective means to detect seizure activity in the brain. Diagnostic procedures Term

Definition

Word analysis

Echoencephalography

Procedure used to examine the brain using sound waves

echo/ encephalo/ graphy echo/ brain/ writing procedure

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Procedure used to examine to electrical activity of the brain

electro/ encephalo/ graphy electricity/ brain/ writing procedure

Lumbar puncture (LP)

Inserting a needle into the lumbar region of the spine in order to collect spinal fluid, commonly called a spinal tap

lumb/ ar puncture Lower back/ pertaining to

Radiology

Term

Definition

Word analysis

Cerebral angiography

Procedure used to examine blood vessels in the brain

cerebr/ al angio/ graphy brain/ pertaining to vessel/ writing procedure

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

Procedure used to examine blood vessels

angio/ graphy vessel/ writing procedure

Myelogram

Image of the spinal cord, usually done using x-ray

myelo/ gram Spinal cord/ record

Positron emission tomography (PET) scan

An imaging procedure that uses radiation (positrons) to produce cross sections of the brain

e/ mission tomo/ graphy out/ send cut/ writing procedure

Transcranial Doppler sonography

Produces an image of the brain using sound waves sent through the skull

trans/ cranial Doppler sono / graphy through/ skull Doppler sound/ writing procedure

Term

Definition

Word analysis

Cerebellitis

Inflammation of the cerebellum

cerebell/ itis cerebellum/ inflammation

Cerebral atrophy

Wasting away of brain tissue

cerebr/ al a/ trophy brain/ pertaining to no/ nourishment

Duritis

Inflammation of the dura

dur/ itis dura/ inflammation

Encephalocele

Hernia of the brain (normally through a defect in the skull)

encephalo/ cele brain/ hernia

Hematoma

Tumorlike mass made up of blood

hemat/ oma blood/ tumor

Cranial hematoma

A hematoma beneath the skull

crani/ al / hemat/ oma skull/ pertaining to blood / tumor

Epidural hematoma

A hematoma located on top of the dura

epi/ dur/ al hemat/ oma upon/ dura/ pertaining to/ blood/ tumor

Structure

Intracerebral hematoma

A hematoma located inside the brain

intra/ cerebr/ al hemat/ oma inside/ brain/ pertaining to blood/ tumor

Subdural hematoma

Hematoma located beneath the dura

sub/ dur/ al hemat/ oma beneath/ dura/ pertaining to blood/ tumor

Macrocephaly

Abnormally large head

macro/ cephal/ y large/ head/ condition

Microcephaly

Small head

micro/ cephal/ y small/ head / condition

Meningocele

Hernia of the meninges

meningo/ cele meninges/ hernia

Myelocele

Hernia of the spinal cord

myelo/ cele Spinal cord/ hernia

Myelomalacia

Abnormal Softening of the spinal cord

myelo/ malacia Spinal cord/ softening

Myelomeningocele

A hernia of the spinal cord and meninges

myelo/ meningo/ cele Spinal cord/ meninges/ hernia

Neuritis

Nerve inflammation

neur/ itis nerve/ inflammation

Neuroma

A nerve tumor

neur/ oma nerve / tumor

Neurosclerosis

Hardening of nerves

neuro/ scler/ osis nerve/ hardening/ condition

Polyneuritis

Inflammation of multiple nerves

poly/ neur/ itis many/ nerve/ inflammation

Term

Definition

Word analysis

Agnosia

Inability to comprehend

a/ gnos/ ia not/ knowledge/ condition

Apathy

Lack of emotion

a/ path/ y no/ suffering/ condition

Hyperkinesia

Increase in muscle movement or activity

hyper/ kinesia over/ movement

Function

Neurasthenia

Nerve weakness

neur/ asthenia nerve/ weakness

Neuroglycopenia

Deficiency of sugar that interferes with normal brain activity

neuro/ glyco/ penia nerve/ sugar/ deficiency

Nystagmus

Involuntary back and forth eye movements

From Greek, for “to nod”

Prosopagnosia

Inability to recognize faces

prosop/ a/ gnos/ ia face/ no / knowledge/ condition

Term

Definition

Word analysis

Anesthesiologist

Doctor who specializes in anesthesiology

an/ esthesio/ logist no/ sensation/ specialist

Afferent nerve Sensory nerve

Nerve that carries impulses toward the CNS Carry impulses toward CNS

af/ ferent nerve toward/ carry

Efferent nerve , motor nerve

Nerve that carries impulses away from the CNS

ef/ ferent nerve away/ carry

Neurogenic

Originating from/ created by nerves

neuro/ gen/ ic neuro/ creation / pertaining to

Psychiatrist

Doctor who specializes in the treatment of the mind

psych/ iatrist mind/ specialist

Psychiatry

Branch of medicine that focuses on the treatment of the mind

psych/ iatry mind/ specialty

Psychogenic

Originating in/ created by the mind

psycho/ gen/ ic mind/ creation/ pertaining to

Psychologist

Doctor who specializes in the study of the mind

psycho/ logist mind/ specialist

Psychology

Branch of medicine that focuses on the study of the mind

psycho/ logy mind/ study

Psychosomatic

Pertaining to the relationship between the body and mind

psycho/ somat/ ic mind/ body/ pertaining to

Professional terms

Seizure Term

Definition

Word analysis

Idiopathic

Having no known cause or origin

idio/ path/ ic private/ disease/ pertaining to

Interictal

Time between seizures

inter/ ictal Between / seizure

Postictal

Time after a seizure

post/ ictal after/ seizure

Preictal

Time before a seizure

pre/ ictal before/ seizure

Tonic

Pertaining to muscle tone (normally weak or unresponsive)

ton/ ic muscle/ pertaining to

Clonus

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