Chapter 01 Science and Sustainability An Introduction to Environmental Science Hmwk Answers PDF

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8/22/2019

Chapter 01: Science and Sustainability: An Introduction to Environmental Science

Chapter 01: Science and Sustainability: An Introduction to Environmental Science Due: 11:59pm on Monday, August 26, 2019 To understand how points are awarded, read the Grading Policy for this assignment.

Pre-Lecture Quiz Chapter 1 - Question 1 Part A Which of the following is the study of how the natural world works, how our environment affects us, and how we affect our environment?

Hint 1. Reread the section called "Environmental science explores our interactions with the world" in the textbook.

ANSWER: microbiology environmentalism environmental science anthropology

Correct That is the definition of environmental science.

Pre-Lecture Quiz Chapter 1 - Question 2 Part A Which of the following is an example of a renewable resource?

Hint 1. What is the difference between a renewable resource and a nonrenewable resource?

ANSWER:

coal thermogenic natural gas crude oil wave energy

Correct Wave energy is perpetually renewed and cannot be depleted.

Pre-Lecture Quiz Chapter 1 - Question 3 Part A Which renewable resource, listed below, can be depleted if it is overused?

Hint 1. What is the definition of a renewable resource?

ANSWER:

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Chapter 01: Science and Sustainability: An Introduction to Environmental Science water wind wave energy sunlight

Correct Although water is renewed constantly through the water cycle, human use and pollution of water in addition to our changing the surface of the earth can lead to depletion of water as a resource.

Pre-Lecture Quiz Chapter 1 - Question 4 Part A A(n) ______ expresses environmental impact in terms of the cumulative area of land and water required to provide the resources a person consumes.

Hint 1. Reread the section called "Our ecological footprint" in the textbook.

ANSWER:

ecological footprint overshoot renewable resource hypothesis-driven science

Correct An individual or population's footprint determines the amount of resources they require and can vary greatly.

Pre-Lecture Quiz Chapter 1 - Question 5 Part A _____ is a social movement dedicated to protecting the natural world from the undesirable changes brought about by human actions.

Hint 1. What is a social movement that is associated with the environment?

ANSWER: Environmental science Cornucopianism Cassandrianism Environmentalism

Correct Environmentalism seeks to protect the natural world and is a social movement rather than a scientific endeavor.

Pre-Lecture Quiz Chapter 1 - Question 6 Part A Scientific inquiry consists of a(n) _____ approach to the truth.

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Chapter 01: Science and Sustainability: An Introduction to Environmental Science

Hint 1. The scientific method is this type of approach.

ANSWER:

implausible fail-safe linear incremental

Correct The incremental approach in scientific inquiry is called the scientific method and consists of several steps leading to a reasonable explanation for an observation.

Pre-Lecture Quiz Chapter 1 - Question 7 Part A In scientific research, the strongest form of evidence comes from ___________.

Hint 1. How is the scientific method used to find evidence to support or reject a hypothesis?

ANSWER: experimentation hypotheses guessing observation

Correct Through the process of the scientific method, experimentation leads to strongly supported evidence.

Pre-Lecture Quiz Chapter 1 - Question 8 Part A If an experiment fails to disprove a hypothesis, then ___________.

Hint 1. Reread the section called "Analyze and interpret results" in the textbook.

ANSWER: it becomes a theory scientists will automatically believe it it is proven this lends support to the hypothesis but does not prove it is correct

Correct A hypothesis can be supported by evidence, even strongly supported by multiple rounds of experimentation, but it is never truly "proven."

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Chapter 01: Science and Sustainability: An Introduction to Environmental Science

Part A The triple bottom line seeks to combine ___________.

Hint 1. What three areas need to be combined in order to come up with sustainable solutions?

ANSWER: environmental protection, socialism, and liberalism environmentalism, fundamentalism, and liberalism environmental protection, economic well-being, and social equity feminism, socialism, and romanticism

Correct In order to reach sustainable development, all three of these interests must be met.

Activity: Science, Technology, and Society: DDT

Click here to complete this activity. Then answer the questions.

Part A In animal populations, DDT causes _____. ANSWER: birth defects tuberculosis sleeping sickness the flu malaria

Correct In animals, long-term exposure to DDT can cause death or severe birth defects.

Part B DDT is _____-soluble so it accumulates in _____. ANSWER: fat ... milk water ... milk water ... streams fat ... streams water ... oceans

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Chapter 01: Science and Sustainability: An Introduction to Environmental Science

Correct Fat-soluble DDT accumulates in the fats of milk and from there can be transferred to children.

Part C Which one of the following statements is true? ANSWER: DDT does not help prevent disease from passing from agricultural animals to humans. Cost was a major factor in the United States government's decision to ban DDT. Many African governments concluded that the potential long-term health effects of DDT were not as serious as the immediate problem of insect control. DDT cannot accumulate in the fat of animals. The DDT ban in the United States has made it very difficult to control agricultural insect pests.

Correct They concluded that the immediate benefits of DDT outweighed the possible long-term harmful effects.

Causes and Consequences: Ecological Footprints People in different societies consume resources and use land and water at different rates, according to their level of wealth or poverty, the technologies available to them, their society's cultural norms, and other factors. Societies whose people have large ecological footprints exert greater per capita impacts on Earth's natural resources and ecological systems. Fortunately, there are many solutions and steps that people can take to address the causes and mitigate the consequences of large ecological footprints.

Part A The following answers for the Causes and Consequences features are examples, and are not intended to represent a comprehensive list. In addition, the sequence of items is not meant to connote relative importance. Sort the examples below into the appropriate bin. ANSWER:

Reset

Help

enhanced technologies to reduce impacts of goods and activities strong demand for material goods

habitat loss and ecosystem degradation sustainable harvest of resources

rising per-capita affluence cultural influences that encourage consumption

depletion of natural resources improved efficiency of manufacturing processes excess waste and pollution of air, water, and soil adoption of cultural changes to reduce desire for consumption

Correct You have correctly sorted these examples into their categories. In addition, there may be other factors. Unintended consequences: Steps to reduce consumption could in some cases cause economic loss, especially to poorer people. …and New solutions: Steps should aim to maintain people's quality of life in the face of declining material consumption.

Interpreting Graphs and Data: Population Growth https://session.masteringenvironmentalscience.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=1487688

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Chapter 01: Science and Sustainability: An Introduction to Environmental Science

Environmental scientists study phenomena that range in size from individual molecules to the entire Earth and that occur over time periods lasting from fractions of a second to billions o years. To simultaneously and meaningfully represent data covering so many orders of magnitude, scientists have devised a variety of mathematical and graphical techniques, such as exponential notation and logarithmic scales. Below are two graphical representations of the same data, representing the growth of a hypothetical population from an initial size of 10 individuals at a rate of increase of approximately 2.3% per generation. The graph in part (a) uses a conventional linear scale for the population size; the graph in part (b) uses a logarithmic scale.

Part A According to the graph with the linear scale, the population reached 8 billion individuals after approximately _____ generations. ANSWER: the population has not reached 8 billion individuals yet 700 900 800

Correct Correct. The population reached 8 billion individuals after approximately 900 generations.

Part B According to the graph with the logarithmic scale, after 200 generations the population had ANSWER: 300 individuals. 30 individuals. 1000 individuals. 10,000 individuals.

Correct Correct. After 200 generations, the population has approximately 103, or 1000, individuals.

Part C Comparing the graphs with the linear and logarithmic scales at 400 generations shows that: ANSWER:

Population size on the linear-scale graph is lower than population size on the logarithmic-scale graph. Although you cannot read the exact value from the linear-scale graph, the population size is the same, just shown with different scales. It is impossible to tell if the population is the same because of the different scales used on the two graphs. Population size on the linear-scale graph is greater because the population size is given in increments of 1 billion.

Correct Correct. Linear and logarithmic scales are two different ways of graphing the same data.

Part D Suppose that the initial population was 10, but the growth rate was 5% (instead of 2.3%). How would the linear-scale graph differ?

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Chapter 01: Science and Sustainability: An Introduction to Environmental Science

ANSWER: The linear graph would show rapid population growth beginning at a later generation. The linear graph would show rapid population growth beginning at the same generation. You would not be able to use a linear-scale graph for a 5% population growth rate. The linear graph would show rapid population growth beginning at an earlier generation.

Correct Correct. A higher growth rate means more rapid population growth, which would show up earlier on the linear-scale graph.

Part E Suppose that the initial population was 10, but the growth rate was 5% (instead of 2.3%). How would the logarithmic-scale graph differ? ANSWER:

The logarithmic graph line would have the same slope as the graph shown. The logarithmic graph line would have a smaller slope than the graph shown. The logarithmic graph line would have a slope of zero. The logarithmic graph line would have a greater slope than the graph shown.

Correct Correct. A higher growth rate would result in a line with greater slope.

Part F Which statement is true about the pros and cons of representing data on the two graph scales? ANSWER: Linear-scale graphs portray population growth realistically, while logarithmic-scale graphs are misleading The linear-scale graph clarifies the timing of rapid population growth while the logarithmic-scale graph simplifies identifying actual population sizes as a population goes from quite small to quite large. Linear scales are useful only for small-scale data while logarithmic scales are best for large-scale data. Linear-scale graphs and logarithmic-scale graphs give the same visual representation of a data set.

Correct Correct. Linear and logarithmic scales are useful for different reasons.

Viewpoints: Ecological Footprints

Read what several scientists have to say on the issue of ecological footprints and sustainability and then answer the questions.

Part A According to Mathis Wackernagel, ecological overshoot is caused by an overuse of resources. Which of the following practices could contribute to ecological overshoot? ANSWER:

Replanting trees as timber is harvested Catching fish more rapidly than the population can sustain Switching to renewable energy sources with lower CO2 emissions Recycling materials after they are used

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Chapter 01: Science and Sustainability: An Introduction to Environmental Science

Correct Correct. Unsustainable practices can cause ecological overshoot.

Part B If the world population was using only 50% of Earth’s biocapacity in 1961, that would represent a global ecological footprint of: ANSWER: 5.0 planet Earths 2.0 planet Earths 1.0 planet Earths 0.5 planet Earths

Correct Correct; 50% of Earth’s biocapacity represents 0.5 planet Earths.

Part C One criticism of the ecological footprint methodology is that it ignores human population growth. If this criticism is correct, which of the following statements would also be true? ANSWER: There is no cause for concern because human population growth is not correlated with the global ecological footprint. The ecological footprint is likely to underestimate the future natural capital needs of the planet. The ecological footprint is likely to estimate the future natural capital needs of the planet correctly. The ecological footprint is likely to overestimate the future natural capital needs of the planet.

Correct Correct, our growing human population will continue to need more resources.

Part D A second criticism of the ecological footprint is the possibility that the current estimate of 25% global overshoot may be incorrect. If humans are in fact still below global biocapacity, that implies: ANSWER:

It’s already too late for change—our civilization is headed for collapse. All our practices are sustainable. We may need to change some of our practices, but we have more time to make those adjustments. We can increase our natural resource use without cause for concern.

Correct Correct. Shifting to more sustainable practices can reduce the chance of ecological overshoot.

Part E If Mathis Wackernagel and Ian Moffat were to engage in a debate about the usefulness of the ecological footprint, Mathis Wackernagel might conclude by saying the ecological footprint is the best tool we have to measure sustainable resource use and we are refining the methodology. Ian Moffat might conclude his remarks by saying: ANSWER: The ecological footprint should be abandoned because of its flaws. Clearly, the ecological footprint has overestimated global overshoot. We are ready to continue addressing the problem of conspicuous consumption. Making policy decisions based on unscientific methodology is a mistake.

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Chapter 01: Science and Sustainability: An Introduction to Environmental Science

Correct Correct. Ian Moffat emphasized the importance of sound scientific methodology.

Concept Review: Experimental Design A researcher wants to determine if water runoff from farm fields sprayed with herbicides affects the hatching success of frog eggs in nearby ponds. What experiment could the research conduct to address her question?

Part A Drag each statement under the correct step in the scientific method. ANSWER: Reset

"I've seen that frog eggs in ponds that receive runoff from farm fields sprayed with herbicides hatch at lower rates than those in unaffected ponds."

''The hatching success of frog eggs is affected by exposure to herbicides.''

''If frog eggs are exposed to elevated levels of herbicides, the hatching success of the eggs will decrease.''

In the laboratory, raise frog eggs in pond water with varying concentrations of herbicide, and measure hatching success rates.

Help

Analysis of experimental data concludes that herbicide levels affect hatching rates.

Correct

Chapter 1 Graph and Figure Interpretation Question 1

Part A

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Chapter 01: Science and Sustainability: An Introduction to Environmental Science

Use the figure to answer the following question.

How many citizens of Mexico does it take to equal the ecological footprint of the average citizen of the United States? ANSWER: It takes nearly three Mexican citizens to equal the ecological footprint of the average U.S. citizen. Two citizens of Mexico equal the ecological footprint of one average citizen of the United States. They are essentially equal. It takes about 12 Mexican citizens to equal the ecological footprint of the average U.S. citizen. It takes just over eight Mexican citizens to equal the ecological footprint of the average U.S. citizen.

Correct

Current Events: A Livelihood in Nuclear Waste, Under Threat (New York Times, 3/20/2014) Read this New York Times article and then answer the questions. A Livelihood in Nuclear Waste, Under Threat (3/20/2014) Registration with The New York Times provides instant access to breaking news on NYTimes.com. To register, go to http://www.nytimes.com/register. Visit http://www.nytimes.com/content/help/rights/terms/terms-of-service.html to review the current NYT Terms of Service.

Part A What is expected to happen to the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant employees exposed to recent leaked radiation? ANSWER:

Their hair will likely fall out. They have an increased chance of being sterile. They have an increased chance of cancer. Nothing.

Correct

Part B Which of the following led to the development and creation of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant? ANSWER:

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Chapter 01: Science and Sustainability: An Introduction to Environmental Science Experimentation with nuclear fission to generate electricity. The increased use of radioactive materials for medical treatments. The building of more nuclear power plants in the mid 1980s. The Cold War.

Correct

Part C Your cousin is a nuclear waste management specialist for the federal agency that oversees the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Who does she work for? AN...