Chapter 09 quiz PDF

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TRUE/FALSE 1 : A within-subjects design would be appropriate for a research study that compares problemsolving ability for participants with three different levels of self-esteem (high self-esteem, medium self-esteem, and low self-esteem). A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 2 : Randomly assigning participants to treatment conditions is not a part of within-subjects experiments. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 3 : One general concern for within-subjects research is that participation in one treatment condition may influence an individuals scores in a later treatment condition. This creates a threat to internal validity known as order effects. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 4 : If the measurement device changes during the course of a within-subjects study so that the participants scores are influenced, internal validity is threatened by statistical regression. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 5 : The tendency for extremely high scores on one measurement to be followed by lower scores on a second measurement is called statistical regression. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 6 : If one or more of the treatments in an experiment is expected to have a large and longlasting effect that could influence the participants scores in later treatments, the best strategy is to use a between-subjects design. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 7 : Random assignment is used to control order effects in a within-subjects experiment. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 1 / 12

8 : Counterbalancing involves having different groups of participants move through the series of treatments in different orders. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 9 : Counterbalancing effectively eliminates order effects. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 10 : To completely counterbalance a study, each possible order of treatments must be presented to a participant. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 11 : A problem with counterbalancing is that it can increase variance in the data by adding order effects to some individuals but not others. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 12 : The larger the number of treatment conditions, the easier it is to completely counterbalance them. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 13 : Using a Latin square to counterbalance a within-subjects experiment ensures that every possible ordering of treatment conditions is used. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 14 : Partial counterbalancing for four treatments would require four groups of participants. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 15 : It is impossible to have order effects with a between-subjects design. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 2 / 12

16 : The advantages of within-subjects designs solve the disadvantages of between-subjects designs and vice versa. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 17 : One disadvantage of within-subject designs is that they tend to require more participants than are needed for between-subject designs. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 18 : A matched-subjects design attempts to gain the advantages of a within-subjects design, although it actually compares different groups of participants. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 19 : For a within-subjects experiment with data measured on an interval or ratio scale, researchers typically compute a mean score for each treatment condition. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 20 : For a within-subjects experiment, one advantage of a two-treatment design compared to a multiple-treatment design is that it is easier to counterbalance. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A

MULTIPLE CHOICE 21 : For an experiment comparing two treatment conditions, there will be ____ score(s) for each participant if a within-subjects design is used and there will be ____ score(s) for each participant if a between-subjects design is used. A : one; one B : one; two C : two; one D : two; two Correct Answer : C 22 : Which research design involves measuring the same group of participants in two different treatment conditions? A : Between-subjects 3 / 12

B : Within-subjects C : Matched subjects D : A combined, two-factor design Correct Answer : B 23 : How many participants would be needed for a within-subjects experiment comparing four different treatment conditions with a total of 20 scores in each treatment? A : 20 B : 40 C : 80 D : Anywhere from 20 to 80 Correct Answer : A 24 : In a within-subjects research study, factors that change over time, such as history and maturation, can be threats to ____. A : internal validity only B : external validity only C : both internal and external validity D : neither internal nor external validity Correct Answer : A 25 : What is a time-related threat to internal validity for a within-subjects experiment? A : Carry-over B : Instrumentation C : Progressive error D : Assignment bias Correct Answer : A 26 : In a within-subjects study that extends over a relatively long time, it is possible that there will be systematic changes in the participants skills or knowledge during the time of the study. When these changes influence the participants scores, causing scores at the end of the study to be different from scores at the beginning, the effect is called ____. A : history effects B : instrumentation C : maturation D : regression toward the mean Correct Answer : C 27 : A researcher is evaluating the changes in performance that occur during a six-week training program. Participants are observed at the beginning and at the end of the program and the researcher rates each individuals level of performance. When the researchers standards for rating performance change from the first observation to the last, then the internal validity of the study is threatened by ____. A : history B : instrumentation C : maturation D : statistical regression 4 / 12

Correct Answer : B 28 : During the first treatment condition of a within-subjects experiment, the participants learn a new skill that helps improve their performance in later treatment conditions. For this study, the internal validity is threatened by ____. A : history effects B : instrumentation C : order effects D : regression toward the mean Correct Answer : C 29 : What are the two major threats to internal validity in within-subjects experiments? A : Individual differences and variance B : Individual differences and environmental variables C : Time-related variables and individual differences D : Environmental variables and time-related variables Correct Answer : D 30 : When one treatment condition has a lasting effect on the participants and influences their scores in later treatments, the study is confounded by ____. A : history effects B : instrumentation C : carryover effects D : progressive error Correct Answer : C 31 : History, maturation, and instrumentation are especially threatening to studies when _____. A : order effects also exist B : environmental variables are minimal C : the series of treatments extends over a long period of time D : there are big individual differences between participants Correct Answer : C 32 : Order effects include ____. A : history and instrumentation effects B : carryover and progressive error effects C : maturation and regression effects D : assignment bias and selection bias Correct Answer : B 33 : Order effects can become a confounding variable because ____. A : all the treatment conditions are affected equally B : earlier conditions affect outcomes under later conditions C : other time-related threats such as history become indistinguishable D : individual differences between treatment conditions are created Correct Answer : B 5 / 12

34 : Dr. Feliciano is conducting a study of sleep on childrens activity level that takes place over several days; however, Halloween falls in the middle of his study, and he notices that on Halloween, the children are especially active during his observation. Which threat to internal validity has confounded this study? A : Subject selection bias B : Volunteerism C : Fatigue D : History Correct Answer : D 35 : Dr. Mias is conducting a study on the effect of meditation on the anxiety levels of elderly hospice patients; however, the patients declining health affects their anxiety levels in between each measurement. Which threat to internal validity has confounded this study? A : History B : Instrumentation C : Maturation D : Regression toward the mean Correct Answer : C 36 : A group of college students is participating in a memory study that involves performing the same task each day under different circumstances; however, as each day goes by, the students are obviously getting more comfortable with completing the task. Which threat to internal validity has confounded this study? A : History B : Selection bias C : Practice D : Fatigue Correct Answer : C 37 : When one treatment condition has a lasting effect on individuals and influences their scores in future treatments, the study is confounded by ____. A : history B : instrumentation C : carry-over effects D : progressive error Correct Answer : C 38 : The tendency for individuals who have extreme scores (high or low) on one measurement and to have less extreme scores on a second measurement is called ____. A : history B : instrumentation C : maturation D : regression toward the mean Correct Answer : D 39 : In studies with a group of individuals being tested in a series of treatment conditions, factors such as history, instrumentation, and maturation threaten ____. A : internal validity only 6 / 12

B : external validity only C : both internal and external validity D : neither internal nor external validity Correct Answer : A 40 : A researcher should increase the time between treatment conditions in a within-subjects experiment when he or she wants to decrease the threat of _____. A : history B : fatigue C : maturation D : instrumentation Correct Answer : B 41 : Which manipulation of the time period between treatment conditions reduces the chances of history influencing the results of a within-subjects experiment? A : Shortening B : Lengthening C : Shortening and then lengthening D : Randomly varying the period Correct Answer : A 42 : A researcher would like to conduct an experiment, but is concerned about strong order effects. One solution is to use a ____. A : within-subjects design B : between-subjects design C : correlational design D : descriptive strategy Correct Answer : B 43 : In a within-subjects experiment comparing two treatments, the researcher is concerned that the results may be confounded by outside events that occur between the first and second treatments. One way to reduce the likelihood that internal validity will be influenced by an outside event is to ____. A : switch to a between-subjects design B : increase the amount of time between the two treatments C : switch the order of treatments D : decrease the intensity of the treatment Correct Answer : A 44 : What does counterbalancing involve? A : Matching the treatment conditions with respect to time B : Keeping the time between measurements constant C : Selecting two groups of identical participants D : Holding the order of the treatment conditions constant for all participants Correct Answer : A 45 : A way to control for order effects in a within-subjects experiment is to use ____. 7 / 12

A : matching B : randomization C : holding order constant D : counterbalancing Correct Answer : D 46 : For a within-subjects study comparing two treatments, A and B, a researcher expects that practice in the first treatment will improve the participants scores in the second treatment. If the order of treatments is counterbalanced, then the practice will ____. A : influence scores in treatment A, but not in treatment B B : influence scores in treatment B, but not in treatment A C : influence scores in treatment A for half the participants and scores in treatment B for half the participants D : not influence the scores in either treatment condition because the treatments are counterbalanced Correct Answer : C 47 : What is the effect of counterbalancing? A : It eliminates order effects. B : It spreads order effects evenly across the treatment conditions. C : It eliminates individual differences. D : It spreads individual differences evenly across treatment conditions. Correct Answer : B 48 : How many groups of participants would be needed to partially counterbalance four treatment conditions? A:4 B:8 C : 16 D : 24 Correct Answer : A 49 : A Latin square design is used to determine the order of treatments that will be used in a within-subjects experiment comparing five treatments labeled A, B, C, D, and E. How many groups of participants will receive treatment E as the first treatment? A:0 B:1 C:5 D : Cannot answer without more information Correct Answer : B 50 : A Latin square is used with _____. A : partial counterbalancing B : complete counterbalancing C : matched-subjects designs D : all within-subjects designs Correct Answer : A 8 / 12

51 : In a completely counterbalanced within-subjects experiment, ____. A : each group receives a different treatment B : each participant receives each treatment in the same order C : a series of treatments is presented in every possible sequence D : participants receive a random order of treatment conditions Correct Answer : C 52 : In a Latin square, ____. A : each participant receives each treatment in the same order B : each treatment is administered first in the series for one group of participants C : each participant receives a completely different treatment D : every possible ordering of treatment conditions is used Correct Answer : B 53 : Compared to a between-subjects design, the variance in a within-subjects design is greatly reduced because the ____ are measured and statistically removed. A : individual differences B : carry over effects C : progressive error effects D : instrumentation effects Correct Answer : A 54 : What is an advantage of the between-subjects design versus the within-subjects design? A : It generally requires fewer participants. B : It usually is a more sensitive test (more likely to detect a treatment effect). C : It eliminates the risk of order effects. D : It eliminates potential problems that may be caused by individual differences. Correct Answer : C 55 : Within-subjects designs are most useful when individual differences are ____. A : large and there are many participants available B : large and there are relatively few participants available C : small and there are many participants available D : small and there are relatively few participants available Correct Answer : B 56 : For an experiment that compares two treatment conditions with ten scores in each treatment, which design would require the smallest number of participants? A : Between participants B : Within participants C : Matched subjects D : All designs would require the same number of participants. Correct Answer : B 57 : A matched-subjects design attempts to eliminate the problems associated with ____ that are a concern for between-subjects designs and also eliminate the problems associated with 9 / 12

____ that are a concern for within-subjects designs. A : order effects; order effects B : order effects; individual differences C : individual differences; individual differences D : individual differences; order effects Correct Answer : D 58 : At a minimum, how many participants would be needed for a matched-subjects design comparing three different treatment conditions with 20 scores in each treatment? A : 20 B : 60 C : 90 D : 120 Correct Answer : B 59 : The most appropriate hypothesis test for a within-subjects design that compares three treatment conditions is a(n) ____. A : an independent-measures t-test B : a repeated-measures t-test C : a repeated-measures analysis of variance D : a chi-square test for independence Correct Answer : C 60 : What is a big advantage of using a multiple-treatment design? A : The data can provide more in-depth information about the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. B : It becomes dramatically easier to see the statistical significance of differences between treatments. C : It usually takes less time, thereby lowering the rate of participant attrition. D : It becomes easier to counterbalance a design as the number of treatment conditions increases. Correct Answer : A

ESSAY 61 : Identify two time-related factors that can threaten the internal validity of a within-subjects research study. In each case, explain how the factor could be a confounding variable. Correct Answer : The major time-related factors that threaten within-subjects designs are history, instrumentation, maturation, and regression toward the mean. In each case, an outside factor can cause the participants’ scores to change from one treatment to the next. As a result, there are two explanations for why the scores may differ from one treatment to another: the difference may be caused by the treatments or the difference may be caused by an outside, time-related factor. 62 : Provide an example of order effects in a within-subjects research study and explain why order effects are a concern for researchers. 10 / 12

Correct Answer : Order effects occur when experience in one part of a research study affects performance in another part of the study. A simple example is fatigue: participants tire during one treatment condition and their performance is lower in the next treatment condition. As a result, there are two explanations for why the scores may differ from one treatment to another: the difference may be caused by the treatments, or the difference may be caused by order effects. 63 : Describe the process of counterbalancing and explain how this process reduces the risk of problems from order effects. Correct Answer : Counterbalancing involves having different groups of participants go through the series of treatments in different orders. If there are order effects, counterbalancing should spread them evenly across all the treatments. As a result, order effects will not cause any single treatment to be different from the others, and therefore is not a confounding variable. 64 : Explain what partial counterbalancing is and when it would be used in a within-subjects study. Correct Answer : Partial counterbalancing involves using just enough sequences to ensure that each treatment condition occurs first in the sequence for one group, rather than including every possible sequence. Partial counterbalancing is a good idea when there are multiple treatments because it can cut down on the number of participant groups required; for example, to fully counterbalance a design with four treatments, you would need 24 equal-sized groups of participants, but to partially counterbalance the same study design, you would need only four equal-sized groups of participants. 65 : Under what circumstances is a within-subjects design NOT a good choice for a research study? Correct Answer : A within-subjects design is not a good choice when one or more of the treatments has a permanent or long lasting effect on the participants which may influence their scores in later treatments. In this situation, the results are guaranteed to be distorted by carry over effects and it will be essentially impossible to determine which differences were caused by the treatments and which were caused by carry over effects. Also, it is often a good choice to use a between-subjects design in situations where individual differences are small. In this case, the individual differences will not generate real problems for the between-subject design, and this design completely eliminates the threats from time-related factors that are always a part of a within-subjects study. 66 : Describe a matched-subjects design and explain how this design attempts to avoid the major problems that exist with a between-subject design and a within-subjects design. Correct Answer : A matched-subjects design uses a different group of participants for each treatment condition but attempts to match the participants in each group one-to-one with the participants in every other group. Thus, the matched-subjects design attempts to remove problems caused by individual differences by matching participants across groups. Also, the matched-subjects design avoids all...