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Notes from Chapter 1 of Medical Terminology textbook...

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Chapter 1: Introduction to Medical Language 1.1 | The Purpose of Medical Language • Reasons why medical language is necessary and useful: o It allows health care professionals to be clear. § Health care professionals are able to communicate with each other clearly, no matter what their first language is. o It allows health care professionals to communicate quickly. § Saves time to describe the symptoms of a disease or examine findings. o It allows health care professionals to comfort patients. § Reassures patients that health care professionals know what they’re doing. Exercise Questions 1. Which of the following is NOT a reason why medical language is necessary and useful? a. Medical Language allows health care professionals to be clear. b. Medical language allows health care professionals to comfort patients. c. Medical language allows health care professionals to communicate quickly. d. Medical language allows health care professionals to intimidate their patients. 2. Medical language allows health care professionals to be clear because a. Few people really understand medical terminology. b. Health care professionals are in control of the situation and don’t want to scare patients with a language they could understand. c. We live in a multicultural society with a variety of languages, and medical language is a way of speaking the same way about the same thing despite your native language. d. None of these 3. Medicinal language allows health care professionals to communicate quickly because a. It is a quick away to speak to other health care professionals without taking the time to describe symptoms or examine findings b. The patients are usually baffled by the terminology and do not ask additional questions. c. Words with many syllables always communicate more information than words with a few syllables d. None of these 4. Medical language allows health care professionals to comfort patients because a. It communicates a sense that health care professionals are in control of the situation b. It lets the patients know that the health care professionals are not caught off guard by the symptoms at hand c. It lets the patients know that the health care professionals know what is going on d. All of these __________________________________________________________________________________________ 1.2 | The Origins of Medical Language • Medical language is made up primarily of words from two ancient languages: Greek and Latin. • Greek and Latin serve as the foundation of medical language o Some sources § Eponyms: Greek words epi (upon) + onyma (name) • Meaning: putting your name on something § Acronyms: Greek words acro (high, end) + onyma (name) • Meaning: to make a name with the ends o Example: MRI, stands for magnetic resonance imaging

§

• •

Modern languages • Words from modern languages creep into the vocabulary of health care professionals. • These words tend to come from commonly spoken languages. • German or French were the most common languages, so they were the foundation of many medical terms. Greek and Latin make up its foundation and backbone. o Eponym and acronym were derived from Greek. Reasons why Greek and Latin are prevalent: o The foundations of Western medicine were in ancient Greece and Rome. § Ancient Greeks were the first people to systematically study the human body and develop theories about health and diseases. o Latin was the global language of the scientific revolution. (16th – 18th century) § Enormous discoveries in physics, biology, chemistry, and human anatomy. § Rapid increase in human knowledge thanks to the scientific method. o Dead languages don’t change. § The reason why Greek and Latin are still used today is because no one speaks them anymore.

Exercise Questions True or false questions 1. Medical language is made up primarily, but not exclusively, of words taken from two ancient languages: Greek and Latin. ____ 2. Some other sources of medical language include eponyms, acronyms, and modern languages. ____ 3. An example of an eponym is a medical term named after a famous patient who had the disease. __ 4. MRI is an example of an eponym. ____ 5. Acronyms are used to say things more quickly. ____ 6. Greek and Latin provide the basis o the language of medicine because Western medicine has its foundations in the Greek and Roman cultures. ____ 7. The first people to systematically study the human body theories about health and disease were the ancient Greeks. ____ 8. Even though German was the global language of the scientific revolution, the Catholic Church forced all academics to use Latin, a language unknown to most people. ____ 9. During the scientific revolution, Latin was used as the language of scholarly discussion in order to allow people across Europe to share their knowledge more quickly despite their different native languages. ____ 10. A dead language is a language that people do not like to hear or speak anymore because it is no longer useful to a society. ____ 11. Latin and Greek provide an excellent basis for medical terminology because dead languages do not change. ____ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 1.3 | The Principles of Medical Language • Each medical word is a description of some aspect of health care. • If you understand the way the language works, you will because to know the meaning of a few individual words and break down and understand words you’ve never seen before, and even generate your own words. • “Don’t think of medical language as words to be memorized. Instead, they are sentences to be translated. “

1.4 | How to Pronounce Terms Associated with Medical Language • Learning any new language is learning correct pronunciation. • Complicated matters associated with medical terms: o Many of the words come from foreign languages o Some of the words are really long • The best way to learn medical terms is by encountering them in context. • Stressing or emphasizing syllables affect the way words are pronounced. Letter

• • • •

Example Cardiac k Contra C (before a, o , u) Cut Cephalic s Cilium C (before e, i, y) Cyst k Chiropractor ch Genetic j Giant G (before e, I, y) Biology f Pharmacy ph pn n Pneumonia Pt (initial t Pterygium Rh, rrh r Rhinoplasty Hemorrhage z Xeroderma x The last syllable is called the ultima, which means last. Second-to-last syllable is called the penult, which means almost the last. The prefix pen- means almost. The third-to-last syllable is called the antepenult. Exercise Questions 1. Gut 2. Digit 3. Gag reflex 4. Dermatology 5. Geneticist 6. Gonad 7. Collagen 8. Pharmacist 9. Cuticle 10. Cornea 11. Catheter 12. Oncology

Sound

a. jut b. gut a. jit b. git a. jag b. gag a. jee b. gee a. jen b. gen a. joh b. goh a. jen b. gen a. par b. far a. kyoo b. suh a. kor b. sor a. kath b. sath a. kaw b. saw

13. Geneticist 14. Pharmacist 15. Cystic fibrosis 16. Cholera 17. Psychosis 18. Pneumatocele 19. Rheumatoid arthritis 20. Pneumatocele 21. Pterion 22. Xerosis 23. Encephalitis 24. Cirrhosis

Break down the following words into syllables 1. Digit ______________________________ 2. Gona _____________________________ 3. Chol ______________________________

a. kist b. sist a. kist b. sist a. kis b. sis a. kawl b. chohl a. koh b. choh a. keel b. seel a. roo b. rhee-yoo a. noo b. puh-noo a. tir b. puh-tir a. zer b. ex-er a. kep b. sef a. kir-hoh. b. sir-oh

8. Anemia ______________________________ 9. Oncology ____________________________ 10. Optometry __________________________

4. Cornea ____________________________ 11. Rheumatoid _________________________ 5. Cuticle ____________________________ 12. Geneticist ___________________________ 6. Catheter ___________________________ 13. Dermatology ________________________ 7. Collagen ___________________________ 14. Psychotherapist ______________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 1.5 | Parts Used to Build Medical Language • Medical language is made of: o Roots § Foundation or subject of the term o Suffixes § Ending that give essential meaning to the term o Prefixes § Added to the beginning of a term • Roots function like nouns • Most roots refer to things like body parts, organs, and fluids. • Final letters in these roots are called combining vowel. Common Roots Roots arthr/o AR-throh cardi/o KAR-dee-oh enter-o EN-ter-oh gastro/o GAS-tro hepat/o he-PAH-toh neur/o NUR-oh hem/o HEE-moh hemot/o heh-MAH-toh my/o MAI-oh muscul/o MUS-kyoo-loh angi/o AN-gee-oh vaso/o VAS-oh vascul/o VAS-kyoo-loh derm/o DER-moh

Definition joint heart Small intestine Stomach liver Nerve blood

Examples Arthroscope Arthritis Cardiology Pericardium Enteropathy Dysentery Gastrointestinal Gastritis Hepatology Hepatitis Neurology Neuralgia hemorrhage hematoma

muscle

Vessel

skin

Myocardial Myalgia Musculoskeletal Muscular Angioplasty Angiectomy Vasospasm Vasectomy Vasculopathy Vasculitis Dermoscopy Dermis

dermat/o Der-MAT-oh cutane/o Kyoo-TAY-nee-oh pneum/o NOO-moh pneumon/o Noo-MAW-noh Pulmon/o PUL-maw-noh General Purpose Roots Root gen/o JIN-oh hydr/o HAI-droh morph/o MOR-foh myc/o MAI-koh necr/o NEK-roh orth/o OR-thoh path/o PAH-thoh phag/o FAY-goh plas/o PLAS-oh py/o PAI-oh scler/o SKLEH-roh sten/o STIH-noh troph/o TROH-foh xen/o ZEE-noh xer/o ZEH-roh

Dermatology Dermatitis Subcutaneous Lung

Pneumotomy Pneumonia Pneumonitis Pulmonologist Cardiopulmonary

Definition Creation Cause Water

Examples Pathogenic

Change

Hydrophobia Dehydration Morphology

Fungus

Dermatomycosis

Death

Necrosis

Straight

Orthodontist

Suffering Disease Eat

Pathology

Formation

Hyperplasia

Pus Hard

Pyorrhea Pyemia Scleroderma

Narrowing

Stenosis

Nourishment Development Foreign

Tropology Hypertrophy Xenograft

Dry

Xerosis Xerasia

Aphagia

Simple Suffixes Adjectives Suffix -ac ak -al al -ar ar -ary ar-ee -eal ee-al -tic tik -ous us

Definition Pertaining to

Examples Cardiac Skeletal Muscular Pulmonary Esophageal Neurotic Subcutaneous

Noun Suffix -ia ee-ah -ism iz-um -ium ee-um -y Ee

Definition Condition

Examples Pneumonia Autism

Tissue Structure Condition Procedure

Pericardium Hypertrophy

Diminutive • These suffixes transform a term’s meaning into a smaller version of the root. Suffix Definition Examples -icle small Ventricle ik-el Arteriole -ole ohl -ule Pustule yool Uvula -ula yoo-lah Complete Suffixes • The suffix -y means condition or procedure Example: o tom/o (cut) + -y (process) = -tomy = a cutting procedure or incision. o ec- (out) + tom/o (cut) + -/o (cut) + -y (process) = -ectomy = a cutting out procedure or surgical removal

Suffix -iatrics ee-AH-triks -iatary AI-ah-tree -iatrist EE-ah-trist -ist Ist -logist loh-jist -logy loh-jee

Definition Medical science

Examples Pediatrics Psychiatry

Specialist in medicine of Specialist

Psychiatrist

Specialist in the study of Study of

Psychologist

Symptoms, diseases, and conditions Suffix Definition Pain -algia AL-jah -dynia DAI-nee-ah -cele Hernia (bulging of tissue into an area SEEL where it doesn’t belong) Blood condition -emia EE-mee-ah Inflammation -iasis AI-tis Loosen -lysis Break down lih-sis Abnormal softening -malacia mah-LAY-shah -megaly Enlargement MEH-gah-lee Resembling -oid OYD -oma Tumor OH-mah Condition -osis OH-sis -pathy Disease pah-thee Deficiency -penia PEE-nee-ah -ptosis Drooping puh-TOH-sis Excessive flow -rrhage RIJ

Dentist

psychology

Examples Myalgia Gastrodynia Hydrocele

Leukemia Arthritis Hemolysis Osteomalacia Hepatomegaly Keloid Melanoma Thrombosis Myopathy Leukopenia Nephroptosis Hemorrhage

-rrhagia Menorrhagia RAY-jee-ah Flow Diarrhea -rrhea REE-ah -rrhexis Rupture Metrorrhexis REK-sis Involuntary Myospasm -spasm contraction SPAZ-um • A test is a procedure done to gain more information in order to diagnose a problem. • A treatment is a process done after a diagnosis to fix a problem. Test Suffix -centesis Sin-TEE-sis -gram gram -graph graf -graphy grah-fee -meter mee-ter -scope skohp -scopy skoh-pee

Definition Puncture

Examples Amniocentesis

Written record

Cardiogram

Instrument used to produce a record Written procedure

Cardiograph

Process of measuring Instrument used to look Process of looking

Cephalometer

Definition Binding Fixation Removal

Examples Arthrodesis

Surgical fixation

Retinopexy

Reconstruction

Rhinoplasty

Suture

Herniorrhaphy

Creation of an opening Incision

Colostomy

Cardiography

Arthroscope Arthroscopy

Treatments Suffix -desis DEE-sis -ectomy EK-toh-mee -pexy PEK-see -plasty PLAS-tee -rrhaphy rah-fee -stomy stoh-mee -tomy toh-mee

Vasectomy

Dermotomy

Singulars and Plurals Singular -a

Plural -ae

-ax -ex -ix -is

-aces -ices -ices -es

-ma

-mata

-on

-a

-um

-a

-us

-i

-y

-ies

Negation Prefixes Prefix aay anan antiAN-tee contraKON-trah dedee

Meaning Not

Examples Vertebra Larva Thorax Cortex Appendix Neurosis Diagnosis Sarcoma Carcinoma Spermatozoon Ganglion Datum Bacterium Ovum Nucleus Alveolus Thrombus Biopsy Myopathy

Examples Aphasia Anemia

against

Antibiotic Contraceptive

Down Away from

Dehydration

Meaning before

Examples Antepartum

Time/Speed Prefix antean-tee prepree proproh bradybrah-dih tachytak-ih post-

Precondition Before On behalf of Slow

Probiotic

Fast

Tachycardia

After

Postpartum

Bradycardia

Vertebrae Larvae Thoraces Cortices Appendices Neuroses Diagnoses Sarcomata Carcinomata Spermatozoa Ganglia Data Bacteria Ova Nuclei Alveoli Thrombi Biopsies Myopathies

pohst reree Direction/Position Prefix abab adad circumsir-kum periper-ee diadai-ah transtranz eeh ecek exeks ectoek-toh exo ek-soh extraeks-trah enen endoen-doh intrain-trah epieh-pee subsub Interin-ter

Again

Rehabilitation

Meaning Away

Examples Abduct

Toward

Adrenaline

Around

Circumcision Pericardium

Through

Diagnostic Translate

Out

Evoke Ectopic Exhale

Outside

Ectoderm Exoskeleton

In Inside

Enema Endocrine Intravenous

Upon

Epididymis

Beneath

Subcutaneous

Between

Intercostal

Size or Quantity Prefixes Prefix bibai hemiheh-mee semishe-mee hyperhai-per hypohai-poh macromak-roh micromai-kroh monomaw-noh uniyoo-nee oligoaw-lih-goh panpan polypawlee multimul-tee General Prefixes Prefix conkon synsin symsim dysdis euyoo

Meaning Two

Examples Bilateral

Half

Hemiplegia Semilunar

Over

Hyperthermia

Under

Hypothermia

Large

Macrotia

Small

Microdontia

One

Monocyte Unisex

Few

Oligomenorrhea

All

Pancytopenia

Many

Polygraph Multicellular

Meaning With Together

Examples Congestion Syndrome Symmetry

Bad

Dysentery

Good

Euphoria

Exercise Questions Match the root on the left with its definition on the right. _____ 1. neur/o a. heart _____ 4. gastr/o _____ 2. cardi/o b. joint _____ 5. hepat/o _____ 3. arthr/o c. liver _____ 6. enter/o

d. nerve e. small intestine f. stomach

Translate the following roots. 1. Neur/o __________________________ 2. Cardi/o __________________________ 3. Arthr/o __________________________

4. Gastr/o _________________________ 5. Hepat/o _________________________ 6. Enter/o _________________________

Underline and define the root in the following terms. 1. Cardiology _______________________ 4. Arthroscopy __________________________ 2. Neurology _______________________ 5. Enterology ___________________________ 3. Gastroscope _____________________ 6. Hepatology __________________________ Identify the roots for the following definitions. 1. Heart __________________________ 2. Joint ___________________________ 3. Nerve __________________________

4. Stomach _________________________ 5. Liver ____________________________ 6. Small intestine ____________________

Match the root on the left with its definition on the right. Some definitions will be used more than once. 1. _____ muscul/o 7. _____ pneum/o a. blood 2. _____ dermat/o 8. _____ pulmon/o b. blood vessel 3. _____ derm/o 9. _____ my/o c. lung 4. _____ vascul/o 10. _____ angi/o d. muscle 5. _____ vas/o 11. _____ hermat/o e. skin 6. _____ pneumon/o 12. _____ hem/o Underline and define the roots in the following terms. 1. Muscul/o _______________________________ 2. Dermat/o _______________________________ 3. Derm/o _________________________________ 4. Vascul/o ________________________________ 5. Vas/o __________________________________ 6. Pneumon/o _____________________________ 7. Pneum/o _______________________________

8. Pulmon/o _________________________ 9. My/o ____________________________ 10. Angi/o __________________________ 11. Hemat/o ________________________ 12. Hem/o __________________________ 13. Cutane/o ________________________

Match the root on the left with its definition on the right. 1. ______gen/o a. change 2. _____ necr/o b. creation, cause 3. _____ xer/o c. death 4. _____ morph/o d. dry 5. _____ troph/o e. eat 6. _____ plas/o f. foreign 7. _____sten/o g. formation 8. _____ phag/o h. narrowing 9. _____ xen/o i. nourishment, development Translate the following roots. 1. Hydr/o ________________________ 2. Orth/o ________________________ 3. Necr/o ________________________ 4. Myc/o ________________________ 5. Py/o _________________________

6. Xer/o ____________________________ 7. Path/o ___________________________ 8. Scler/o ___________________________ 9. Phag/o ___________________________ 10. Xen/o ___________________________

Identify the roots for the following definitions. 1. Water ____________________________ 2. Creation, cause ____________________ 3. Pus _____________________________ 4. Straight __________________________

4. Fungus _________________________ 5. Suffering, disease _________________ 6. Hard ___________________________ 8. Formation ______________________

Match the suffix on the left with its definition on the right. Some definitions will be used more than once. 1. _____ -ium a. condition 2. _____ -icle b. pertaining to 3. _____ -ous c. tissue, structure 4. _____ -ic d. small 5. _____ -ia 6. _____ -eal Translate the following suffixes. 1. -y __________________________ 2. -ism ________________________ 3. -al __________________________

4. -ic, -tic __________________________ 5. -ar, -ary _________________________ 6. -ole, -ule, -ula ____________________

Underline and define the suffix in the foll...