Chapter 1 Notes with other notes from book PDF

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Chapter 1 Notes Objectives: • Explain why Public Speaking is considered “audience-centered” • Describe how the foundations of public speaking were formed • Discuss why Public Speaking is important for you • Describe the elements of Public Speaking Public Speaking -when an individual speaks to a group of people, assuming responsibility for speaking for a defined length of time. I. Public Speaking is all about the audience! A. Public speaking is ___audience centered_________________, which means that the speaker must understand the audience’s expectations before speaking so they can connect with them. B. The audience must see the information as ___relevant____________ or they will tune the speaker out. C. If they speaker understands their audience, they can use speech making strategies to keep the audience’s attention. D. It helps to identify WIIFM - __What's in it for me_________________ E. Public speaking is a __conversation____________, and should be relaxed, familiar and enjoyable. 1. It also is two-way communication and involves feedback. 2. Audiences will respond favorably if they think the speaker is “authentic.” II. Ancient philosophers were discussing public speaking as early as 500 BC. A. Socrates and Plato identified ___logic_________, evidence and reasoning as the basis of true knowledge and foundation of public speaking. B. Aristotle coined the term ___rhetoric______________ - which was his term for public speaking C. He emphasized the importance of adapting speeches to your audience and situation, which we now refer to as ___ communication__________.

D. Aristotle developed three “proofs” or approaches to use to appeal to audiences.

1. Ethos: _appeals based on ethos, the third proof, the rest on the speaker's personal character and creditability. ___ 2. Logos: _The term logos refers to rational appeals based on logic, verifiable facts, and objective anlaysis.___ 3. Pathos: _refers to a speaker's appeals to our emotions.____ E. Roman philosophers later categorized the elements of public communication into 5 “__arts of public speaking______” and argued that these made up the foundation of public speaking. 1. Invention: __focuses on what you want to say.____

2. Arrangement: ___refers to how you organize your ideas.___

3. Style: __involves the imaginary you use to bring a speech's content to life.__

4. Memory: __refers to using your knowledge and abilities as a communicator to give an effective speech.

5. Delivery: __reflects the moment when a speech goes public - when its presented to an audience.__

III. Public Speaking is an important life skill that benefits you in numerous ways. A. In a survey, employers ranked _transferable/social___ skill as the most important communication related skills – before teamwork, problem solving and even interpersonal skills. B. Public speaking can help you become more confident and reduce _anxiety/nervousness__. 1. Speech anxiety is normal and can be improved using relaxation techniques, visualization and through planning, preparation and PRACTICE! 2. The goal of this class is not to become a “perfect” public speaker, but to become more confident and competent in public speaking which is a life-long skill. 3. List three ways in which improved communication skill can help you in your

life: ● Interpersonal communication occurs when two or more people interact with each other as unique individuals. You develop personal relationships with friends, family, and coworkers through interpersonal communication. ● In small-group communication, three or more people interact to accomplish a task or reach a shared objective. Local theater groups, committees, and collaborative work groups are examples of small groups. ● Organizational communication refers to the flow of information that takes place within and among organizations for the purpose of accomplishing common goals, such as creating products and offering services. Organizations often provide the setting for speeches, as when a department manager gives a presentation to senior executives." ● Mass communication originates with a media organization such as NBC, People magazine, XM Satellite Radio, or The New York Times and is transmitted to large, fairly anonymous, and often diverse audiences. ● Public communication occurs when, for a limited amount of time, an individual speaks or otherwise sends a message to people outside that individual’s known social group—a political speech or a post on a message board, for example."

Notes public speaking - When an individual speaks to a group of people, assuming responsibility for speaking for a defined length of time. optimized speaker - A public speaker who consciously selects relevant topics, adapts to the audience, speaks personally and conversationally, and uses technology when appropriate." audience centered - Acknowledging an audience’s expectations and situations before, during, and after a speech." digital divide - The gap between groups that have a high level of access to and use of digital communications technology and groups that have a low level of access and use." information literacy - The ability to access, select, evaluate, and use information effectively and responsibly." Rhetoric – Aristotle’s term for public speaking. Ethos: appeals based on ethos, the third proof, the rest on the speaker's personal character and creditability. CREDITABILITY Logos: The term logos refers to rational appeals based on logic, verifiable facts, and objective analysis. FACTS Pathos: refers to a speaker's appeals to our emotions. EMOTIONS

Invention - Discovering what you want to say in a speech, such as by choosing a topic and developing good arguments. Arrangement - The way ideas presented in a speech are organized. Style – the language or words used in a speech. The Five Arts of Public Speaking: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Invention focuses on what you say. Arrangement refers to how you organize your ideas. Style – Involves the imagery you use to bring a speech’s content to life. Memory – refers to using your knowledge and abilities as a communicator to give an effective speech. 5. Delivery – reflects the moment when a speech goes public- when it is presented to an audience.

memory - Using the ability to recall information about all aspects of public speaking to give an effective speech. Delivery - The presentation of a speech to an audience. narrative - A story used in a speech or other form of communication." The process of habituation—fearing a situation less as it becomes more familiar, or habit-like—helps you manage nervousness over time, just as doing almost anything repeatedly makes you more comfortable doing it. Speaker credibility refers to how much an audience views the speaker as competent, friendly, trustworthy, and dynamic. One of the best ways for you to provide this clarity is to use standard patterns of organization such as chronological (how something develops over time), spatial (what physical relationships exist between things), cause and effect (how one thing results in another), and problem–solution (which identifies a problem and discusses how to solve it). "Effective communication requires mindfulness: consciously focusing on the situation you’re in and maintaining awareness of what you say and how others respond." distance speaking - The planned and structured presentation of ideas transmitted from one physical location to other locations by means of information and communications technology. Traditional Categories of Human Communication: Interpersonal communication occurs when two or more people interact with each other as unique individuals. You develop personal relationships with friends, family, and coworkers through interpersonal communication. In small-group communication, three or more people interact to accomplish a task or reach a shared objective. Local theater groups, committees, and collaborative work groups are examples of small groups.

Organizational communication refers to the flow of information that takes place within and among organizations for the purpose of accomplishing common goals, such as creating products and offering services. Organizations often provide the setting for speeches, as when a department manager gives a presentation to senior executives. Mass communication originates with a media organization such as NBC, People magazine, XM Satellite Radio, or The New York Times and is transmitted to large, fairly anonymous, and often diverse audiences. Public communication occurs when, for a limited amount of time, an individual speaks or otherwise sends a message to people outside that individual’s known social group—a political speech or a post on a message board, for example." pervasive communication environment - The ability to access and share information in multiple forms from multiple locations in ways that transcend conventional ways of thinking about time and space. Spheres of Communication: 1. Mass media - This is the least interactive sphere of communication. Nonetheless, mainstream media still occupy an enormous amount of our time as we search for information and entertainment. 2. Mediated personal communication - Mobile technologies and the Internet have become dominant forms of social interaction, giving us the ability to connect instantly with others by voice, text, and image. 3. Expressive technology - Digital technology has opened up endless ways for people to gather information and creatively express themselves, fulfilling a basic human need. 4. Face-to-face - This type of communication encompasses unmediated contact with other people, including most public speaking situations. convergence - When people interact in multiple communications spheres simultaneously. audience - The intended recipients of a speaker’s message. speaker - The person who assumes the primary responsibility for conveying a message in a public communication context. message - The words and nonverbal cues a speaker uses to convey ideas, feelings, and thoughts. channel - A mode or medium of communication. noise - Anything that interferes with the understanding of a message. Feedback - Audience members’ responses to a speech. Context - The situation within which a speech is given." environment - The external surroundings that influence a public speaking event.

Elements of Public Speaking:...