Chapter 1 - Terminations PDF

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COMBINING FORMS - "root" or "stem" Terminations - "endings" There are three main word terminations regularly used: i. Primary suffixes ii. Derived suffixes iii. Inflectional endings PRIMARY SUFFIXES  cannot stand alone as words and cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts  indicate whether a word is a noun, adjective or verb VERB: only one frequently used verb ending ***do not start with "the", begin with "to" x-iz/e

to (do the action of) x to make (something) x

ADJECTIVE: words of the following form are ALWAYS adjectives Termination

Translation

Equivalent Latin Forms Masculine/Feminine/Neuter

X-al

Pertaining to x

-al/is -al/is -al/e

X-ic

Pertaining to x

-ic/us -ic/a -ic/um

X-ous

Pertaining to x

-os/is -os/a -os/um

X-ar/y

Pertaining to x

-ar/is -ar/is -ar/e

X-ar

Pertaining to x

-ar/is -ar/is -ar/e

X-an

Pertaining to x

-an/us -an/a -an/um

X-in/e

Pertaining to x

-in/us -in/a -in/um

X-ac

Pertaining to x

-ac/us -ac/a -ac/um

X-oid

Resembling x

-oid/e/us -oid/e/a -oid/e/um

TIP - 5A2I2O ***The equivalent Latin forms are variant forms of the English ending in the first column NOUN: all other word terminations indicate a noun (some bearing predictable meanings)  They are concrete meanings

Termination

Example

Translation

X-ia

Insomnia

An abnormal condition involving x

X-ist

Biologist Dentist

One who (does the action of) x One who specializes in x

X-in

Adrenalin

A substance (which does the action) of x

The following primary suffixes indicate the word is a noun, but do NOT bear a predictable meaning -e -is -ism -s -y DERIVED SUFFIXES  Compound consisting of two or more elements which function together as a single meaningful unit or (less commonly) a word/base that functions as though it were a suffix o Some elements in the compound suffix may be a primary suffix  Nouns are either abstract (indicating a process of some sort is involved) or concrete ABSTRACT NOUNS: nouns end with suffixes derived from two categories i. Words describing medical disorders (diagnostic) ii. Words describing examination or treatment (therapeutic) Diagnostic Denoting medical problems often ending in "-is" and "-y" Termination

Translation

Example

X-it/is

The inflammations of x

Laryngitis

X-o/rrhex/is

The rupturing of x

Break

X-o-schis/is

The splitting of x

Schism

X-ias/is

The abnormal presence of x

Lithiasis

X-o-clas/is

The breaking of x

Iconoclastic

X-os/is

An abnormal condition involving x

Neurosis

X-o-path/y

A disease of x

Psychopath

X-o-megal/y

The enlargement of x

Megalith

X-o-phag/y

The abnormal ingestion of x The eating of x

Sarcophagus Esophagus

***combining form of -osis = -otSome noun-endings are made by adding, to the base, the derived suffix "-es/is" which bears no predictable meaning X-o-gen/es/is

The production of x

Genesis

X-o-poi/es/is

The formation of x

Poetic

X-o-kin/es/is

The movement of x

Kinetic

The primary suffix "-ia" and the derived suffix "-osis" are often added to bases to form new derived suffixes - but we do not have to say an "abnormal condition" (since its a given) X-alg/ia

Pain in(volving) x

Nostalgia

X-odyn/ia

Pain in(volving) x

Anodyne

X-o-pleg/ia

The paralysis of x

Paraplegic

X-o-pen/ia

A deficiency of x

Peninsula

X-o/rrhag/ia

The rapid flowing of (something from) x

Hemorrhage

X-o-malac/ia

The softening of x

Osteomalacia

X-o-necr/os/is

The death of x

Necrophilia

X-o-sten/os/is

The narrowing of x

Stenography

X-o-scler/os/is

The hardening of x

Sclerosis

X-o/pt/os/is

The downward displacement of x

Apoptosis/blepharoptosis

Few suffixes with irregular endings X-agr/a

Gouty pain in x

X-o/rrhe/a

The flowing of (something from) x

Diarrhea

X-edema

The swelling of x

Oedipus

X-o-cel/e

The protrusion of (something through) x

"rupture"

X-o-lith

A calculus in(volving) x  Calculus: tangible/concrete (stone)

Monolith

X-o-spasm

A spasm of x

Spastic

X-ism/us

A spasm of x

Some derived suffixes consist of a prefix, a base, and a noun-forming primary suffix "-ec" - out

X-ec/top/ia

The displacement of x

Topography

X-ec/tas/ia

The distention (extending or stretching) of x)

"dys-" - bad, defective X-o-plas/ia

The formation of x (no abnormality implied)

Plastic

X-o-dys/plas/ia

The defective formation of x

Dysfunction

X-o-troph/y

The growth/nourishment of x

Atrophy

X-o-dys/troph/y

The defective growth of x

Dystrophy

"-a" - lack of, without X-a/troph/y

The lack of growth

Amoral

X-a/sthen/ia

The lack of strength of x

Callisthenics

Therapeutic Abstract nouns that denote the treatment and observation of disorders tend to end with "- y" and "-is" X-o-therap/y

The treatment by means of x

Chemotherapy

X-iatr/y

The healing of x

Psychiatry

X-o-stas/is

The stopping of x

Static

X-o-plast/y

The surgical repairing of x

Plastic surgery

X-o-cent/es/is

The surgical puncturing of x

Amniocentesis

X-o/rrhaph/y

The suturing (stitching) of x

Rhapsody

X-ec/tom/y

The cutting out of x

Tonsillectomy

X-o/tom/y

The cutting of x

Atom

X-o/stom/y

The making of an opening in x

Stomach

X-ic/s

The science of x

Physics

X-o/log/y

The study of x

Biology

X-o-scop/y

The examination of x

Microscopy

X-o-metr/y

The measurement of x

Speedometer

X-o-graph/y

The recording of x

Telegraphy

***three suffixes can refer to either diagnosis OR therapy, depending on context

X-o-pex/y

The adhesion of x (diagnostic) The fixation of x (therapeutic)

Pectin

X-o-lys/is

The disintegration of x (diagnostic) The separation of the adhesion of x (therapeutic)

Electrolysis

X-o-trop/ism

The tendency to preferentially affect x (diagnostic or therapeutic)

Tropical

CONCRETE NOUNS: some therapeutic nouns (and few diagnostic) have derivative concrete forms denoting the instrument or the "doer" Some formed using noun suffix "-e" X-o-phag/e

A cell which ingests x

Sarcophagus

X-o/tom/e

An instrument for cutting x

Atom

X-ec/tom/e

An instrument for cutting out x

Tonsillectomy

X-o-scop/e

An instrument for examining x

Microscope

Other forms consist of the base only X-o-clast

Something which breaks x

Iconoclast

X-o-stat

An instrument for stopping x

Thermostat

X-o-gen

A substance which produces x

Carcinogen

X-o-path

One with a disease of x

Psychopath

X-o-graph

An instrument for recording x

Telegraph

X-o-gram

A record of x

Telegram

X-o-meter

An instrument for measuring x

Speedometer

ADJECTIVES WITH SPECIAL MEANINGS: three adjectival suffixes have more specific meanings (other than pertaining/resembling x) X-o-gen/ic

Producing x

Carcinogenic

X-o-gen/ous

Produced by x

Indigenous

X-o-tropic

Preferentially affecting x

Tropical

INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS  Indicate in Latin whether a word is nominative or possessive, whether it is singular or plural, and in many cases whether it is masculine, feminine or neuter

NOUNS: most of the Latin words (Latin forms) are in one of the following nominative singular forms Ending

Gender

Translation

Example

Literal Translation (of example)

X-us

Masculine

(the/a) x

Mus/us

Slime

X-a

Feminine

(the/a) x

Vertebr/a

A joint

X-um

Neuter

(the/a) x

Crani/um

The/a skull

X-on

Neuter

(the/a) x

Gangli/on

A knot

ADJECTIVES: Latin adjectival forms are also inflectional endings *they are similar to endings of "x-oid" Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

X-(e)us

X-(e)a

X-(e)um

Pertaining to x

NOTES NOUNS  Most abstract nouns contain a verbal idea - abstract nouns generally denote a process of doing something (or a process by which something happens) o Ex. "x-o-metry" is "the measurement of x", but more literally it is "the process of measuring x" o Shorter form is acceptable, but it does not imply a process rather the result of the process  New derived suffixes are sometimes formed by combining various terminations o X-o-lith --> a calculus in(volving) x o X-ias/is --> the abnormal presence of x o X-o-lith/ias/is --> the abnormal presence of a calculus in(volving) x  Noun endings "-ia". "-is". "-y" and "-esis" are to some extent interchangeable o "-es/is" itself has a variant "-es/ia" o This gives rise to a number of alternative forms (although less common) o The meaning does NOT change with these alternative endings ADJECTIVES  Most derived noun suffixes can be made into adjectives by replacing the primary noun suffix with an adjectival one o plast/y --> plast/ic o troph/y --> troph/ic o phag/y --> phag/ous  For most noun endings "-s/is", the corresponding adjective ends in "-t/ic" o genesis (the production of x) and genetic (pertaining to the production of x)  Adjectival forms which do not obviously follow either of the patterns are:







X-edema

The swelling of x

X-edemat/ous

Pertaining to the swelling of x

X-o-spasm

A spasm of x

X-o-spast/ic (spastic)

Pertaining to a spasm of x

X-ec/tas/ia

The distention of x

X-ec/tat/ic

Pertaining to the distention of x

The letter "x" often stands for "ks", which explains the following irregularities X-o-pex/y ("pecs/y")

The adhesion/fixation of x

X-o-pect/ic (pect/in)

Pertaining to adhesion/fixation of x

X-o-rrhex/is ("rrhecs/is)

The rupturing of x

X-o-rrhect/ic

Pertaining to the rupturing of x

Although most adjectives have a single meaning (pertaining to x + special meaning adjectives), some adjectival forms have two meanings o X-o-plast/ic --> pertaining to the surgical repairing of x For all of the abstract nouns which have concrete nouns derived from them, the corresponding adjective will usually refer to the abstract form but occasionally can refer to the concrete one. X-o-scop/ic

Pertaining to the examination of x (x-o-scop/y) Pertaining to an instrument for examining x (x-o-scop/e)

X-o-graph/ic

Pertaining to the recording of x (x-o-graph/y) Pertaining to an instrument for recording x (x-o-graph) Pertaining to a record of x )x-o-gram)

COMBINING VOWELS  In a forms like "x-o-schisis", the "-o-" is a combining vowel, inserted to make the word easier to pronounce. o If the termination begins with a consonant the combining vowel must be inserted, but of the termination begins with vowel it is omitted o Between two bases, the combining vowel I s regularly used even when the second begins with a vowel o The combining vowel is usually "-o-", but other vowels are occasionally used  In some terminations, such as "x-o/log/y" the "o" is considered an integral part of the termination (even though is etymologically a combining vowel) COMMON SENSE  For some forms, two meanings are given - base will indicate which meaning is preferred o Whether the base is ultimately verbal or substantive meaning will indicate:







"x-ize" verbal idea (sympathize) = "to (do the action of) x"; substantive idea (finalize) = "to make (something) x"  "x-ist" verbal idea (biologist) = "one who (does the action of) x"; substantive idea (dentist) = "one who specializes in x"  "x-in" verbal (pectin) = "a substance which does (the action of) x"; substantive idea (adrenalin) = "a substance of x" For other terminations, attention must be paid to the nature of the base o "x-orrhea" will mean "the flowing of x" where x is a substance that can flow; if not: "the slowing of something from x"  Similar:"x-orrhagia" and "x-o-cele" o "x-algia" and "x-odynia" will mean "pain in x" when x is capable of feeling pain; if not: "pain involving x"  Similar: "x-o-lith" o "x-o-phagy" common sense will determine 'eating' or 'ingesting' The double adjectival ending "-ic/al" is translated as though it were singular (pertaining to the x); extremely rare in medical terminology

LATIN INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS  Adjectival endings composed of an adjectival base followed by one of the noun endings according to gender o Remaining adjectival endings can be similarly analyzed into adjectival bases followed by noun endings "-is" or "-e"  The neuter nominative ending "-on" is retained in words borrowed from Greek to Latin...