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Chapter 1: Biology Exploring Life

BIOLOGY – THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF LIFE The enormous numbers of life forms on our planet are often viewed as exhibiting unity amongst species, complexity, diversification, & interconnectivity. We will discover, through our studies in biology, how this pertains to life on earth. FIVE UNIFYING THEMES IN BIOLOGY 1. Evolution is the common core of Biology 2. Life depends on the flow of information 3. Structure and function are related 4. Life depends on the transfer and transformation of energy and matter 5. Life depends on interactions within and between systems Science ( Sciencia: Latin verb meaning knowledge ) – Study of structure & processes we can OBSERVE & MEASURE (Based on Observation & Measurement) 

Scientific inquiry is used to ask and answer questions about NATURE

QUALITATIVE DATA - Discovery based on science – Description and Data Collection QUANTITATIVE DATA - Hypothesis based science – Analysis of data and testing hypothesis STEPS (6) OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD 1. OBSERVATIONS – recorded observations are called DATA and the EVIDENCE on which the scientific inquiry is based (collect data & evidence) 2. Ask QUESTIONS

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3. Form a HYPOTHESIS – a TENTITIVE EXPLANATION of a set of observations which is TESTABLE and FALSIFIABLE. You form a Hypothesis for every possible outcome in an experiment. Hypothesis leads to predictions: NULL HYPOTHESIS

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

Always states the experimental variable has no effect on the data or that there is no statistical difference between the control and the experimental group

The experimental variable influences the data or that the difference between the control and the experimental groups is probably not due to random chance

4. PREDICTION – Phrased “IF”…….”THEN”……. 5. EXPERIMENT – A scientific test preformed under controlled conditions. The two groups differ in only one factor that the experiment is designed to test EXPERIMENTAL GROUP

CONTROL GROUP

Has an experimental variable that is manipulated to test the hypothesis

Experiences conditions identical to the experimental group but lacks the variable

6. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS – On the basis of data collected, draw a conclusion to determine if the hypothesis is supported or rejected. YOU MAY NEVER STATE THAT A HYPOTHESIS IS PROVEN!!!

WHAT DEFINES A CONTOLLED EXPERIMENT: 1. Only differs in one aspect that is being tested 2. Comparison of an experimental group to a control group 3. Able to be repeated

BIOLOGY IS ORGANIZED INTO DISCIPLINES

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Cell Biology Anatomy Biochemistry

Evolution Ecology Zoology

Genetics Taxonomy Marine Biology

The common elements of the study of biology are that all living things are composed of cells (Basic unit of Life) and that all living things are related and use DNA & RNA.

LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION: 1. Biosphere – The planet Earth 2. Ecosystem – Biological community of interacting organisms and their physical movement 3. Community – Interacting group of various species in a common location 4. Population – Group of same species interbreeding in a given area 5. Organism – Living thing 6. Organ System – Tissues grouped together within an organism that provides a function 7. Organs – Kidney, Lungs Heart 8. Tissues – Group of cells providing a function 9. Cell – Smallest unit that can live on its own 10. Organelles – Subcellular structure that preforms a job in a cell 11. Molecules – Group of 2 or more atoms bonded together 12. Atom – Smallest unit of matter ENVIRONMENT – SURROUNDINGS IN WHICH AN ORGANISM LIVES ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS

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Two life processes: The recycling of chemical nutrients which are returned to the air, soil & water. Energy flows through the ecosystem entering as sunlight and returning as heat.

PRODUCER – Organism that converts energy to food by the process of photosynthesis 

Plants such as grass, flowers, and trees etc.

CONSUMER – Organism that gets its energy from consuming other plants or organisms 

Deer – Eats producers to get energy

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Bears – Eats fish and other organisms to get energy

DECOMPOSER – Organism that breaks down dead organic material 

Mushrooms, Insects & Worms

CELL – SMALLEST UNIT THAT CAN LIVE ON ITS OWN AND THAT MAKES UP ALL LIVING OGANISMS AND THE TISSUES OF THE BODY TYPES OF CELLS Prokaryotic Eukaryotic  No membrane enclosed nucleus  Membrane enclosed nucleus  Internal membrane and organelles  No internal membrane and no  Has DNA organelles  Enclosed by a membrane which  Has DNA regulates passage in and out of the cell  Enclosed by a membrane which regulates passage in and out of the  Plante, Animalia, Fungi, Protista  Domain – Eukaria cell  Bacteria & Archaea  Domains – Bacteria & Archaea PROKARYOTIC CELLS were the first types to evolve and were the only living things on earth for over 1.5 billion years. EUKARYOTIC CELLS evolved from prokaryotic cells approximately 1.8 billion years ago. (Fossil Evidence supports this)

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DNA – GENETIC CODE AND THE CHEMICAL BASIS FOR ALL LIFE, 2 MOLECULAR CHAINS COILED IN A DOUBLE-HELIX

PROPERTIES OF ALL LIVING THINGS: 1. ORDER – A taxonomic rank used in classifying organisms 2. REGULATION – Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a biological process 3. GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT – Increase in mass and the size of body organs and physiological and functional maturation of the organism 4. ENERGY UTILIZATION – Organisms take in and transform energy to do work 5. RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENT – Organisms react to changes in their environment 6. REPRODUCTION – The production of offspring by sexual or asexual process (making a copy of something) 7. EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION – Adjustment of organisms to their environment to improve their chances at survival in that environment THERE ARE 8.7 TO 15 MILLION ESTIMATED TOTAL NUMBER OF SPECIES ON EARTH. ONLY 2 MILLION HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED! SPECIATION – THE PROCESS IN WHICH ONE SPECIES SPLITS INTO 2 OR MORE SPECIES ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION – SPECIES SPLITS AND CAN NO LONGER REPRODUCE TO FORM OFFSPRING

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BIOLOGICAL SPECIES CONCEPT – MUST BE ABLE TO REPRODUCE AND FORM VIABLE, FERTILE OFFSPRING TAXONOMY – DISCIPLINE OF BIOLOGY THAT NAMES AND CLASSIFIES LIVING THINGS

LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION: Domain – Kingdom – Phylum – Class – Order – Family – Genus – Species

At the highest level of classification Life is categorized into 3 DOMAINS 1. Domain Bacteria – Bactria (Prokaryotic) 2. Domain Archaea – Archaea (Prokaryotic) 3. Domain Eukaria – Protist, Animals, Plants, Fungi (Eukaryotic)

EVOLUTION – THE PROCESS OF CHANGE THAT HAS CHANGED LIFE FROM THE BEGINNING TO TODAY

THEORY OF EVOLUTION: 1. Every living thing today descended from an ancestral species this is supported by fossil evidence and carbon dating. 2. Reproductive success a species can over produce and must compete to survive. This is often referred to as survival of the fittest or natural selection. 3.

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NATURAL SELECTION occurs as heritable variations are exposed to environmental factors that favor the reproductive success of some individuals over others NATURAL SELECTION PRODUCES ADAPTATIONS!

THE FOSSIL RECORD PROVIDES EVIDENCE OF DIVERSIFICATION OF SPECIES FROM ANCESTRIAL SPECIES

STRATA – Layers of rock PALEONTOLOGISTS – Scientists who specialize in the study of fossils MICROEVOLUTION – Changes in the gene-pool over time GENE-POOL – All copies of every type of allele MACROEVOLUTION – Broad pattern of changes on earth

SCIENTIFIC THEORY – Broader in scope than a hypothesis, Observable, Repeatable, Supported by a large body of evidence SYSTEMS BIOLOGY – Large scale research to construct models for dynamic behavior of whole biological systems

GOAL OF SCIENCE IS TO UNDERSTAND NATURAL PHENOMENA

GOAL OF TECHNOLOGY IS TO APPLY SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE FOR A SPECIFIC PURPOSE.

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