Chapter 10 - Summary General Chemistry PDF

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Gases *There’s a relationship between the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas and how it changes properties

Pressure~ measure of a force exerted on a given area of surface P= Force/ Area Barometer~ what measures gas pressure Millimeters of mercury~ measurement for gas pressure Torr~ equivalent of 1mm Hg for gas pressure Pascal~ force in newton exerted on 1 square meter Standard atmosphere~ average pressure at sea level, 1atm=760 mm Hg Bar~ average pressure at sea level used in modern day

Boyle’s law~ pressure and volume of a gas sample are inversely related when the amount of gas and temp are held constant P=constant/ V V=kbX 1/P *Set two given as fraction and multiply by the “one” value *Pressure increases, volume decreases and vice versa

Charles's law~ temperature and volume of a gas sample are directly related when the pressure and the amount of gas are held constant Must use Kelvin V=kC X T Avogadro’s law~ the volume and amount (moles) of gas are directly related when pressure and temperature are held constant V= kA X n Amount of gas occupying a given volume depends on temperature and pressure and follows the ideal gas law Amount (mol)= PV/RT Mass/Volume= [(PV/(RT) *molar mass*P]/RT Density = [molar mass*P]/RT V=constant x nT/P constant= PV/nT Combined gas law~ calculates new P, T, quantity, V of a gas when one or more properties has changed P1V1/n1T1=P2V2/n2T2 Ideal gas law~ incorporates the three historical gas laws and a constant Ideal gas constant~ ideal gas law given a co Ideal gas~ follows ideal gas law nstant (R=0.082057 L*atm/K*mol)Ideal gas law for unknown property: PV=nRt *Turn molar mass into moles by making it a percentage of given over molar mass Standard temp and pressure (STP)~ gas reported under, usually 1.00 atm and 273.15 K Standard molar volume~ 22.4 L Don’t convert pressure or anything besides Temperature Dalton’s law of partial pressures~ the pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressures due to the individual gases of the sample Ptotal=PA+PB+PC Calculating dalton’s law of partial pressure Turn all species to moles Pgas= ngasRT/V Convert to desired unit Calculate total pressure Partial Part 2 Calculate moles of each gas Calculate mole fraction of one Calculate partial pressure based on mole fraction Mole of chosen/mole of chosen+mole of other Multiply by given total pressure Subtract from total

Collecting Gas Over Water Make sure volume is in L Make sure temp is in K Subtract vapor pressure from given pressure Make sure pressure is atm Calculate PV/RT=mol Multiply by total molar mass to get grams Divide over sample size and multiply by 100% Vapor pressure~ pressure of water vapor Mole fraction~ ratio of gas A in a mixture of gases PA= χ A Ptotal...