Chapter 12 - Test Bank PDF

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Chapter 12

1. Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because a. the solution is immediately obvious.

b. there is an obstacle between the present state and the goal state. c. the initial state is not clearly defined. d. the goal state is not clearly defined. ANSWER:

a

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1 EASY

REFERENCES: What Is a Problem? 2. Which of the following is not part of a complete definition of a problem? a. Is difficult b. Involves obstacles between one's current state and a desired goal c. Has one correct answer d. The solution is not obvious ANSWER:

c

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1 MODERATE

REFERENCES: What Is a Problem? 3. Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving a. reorganization or restructuring. b. multiple goal states. c. sensory operators. d. continuity and form. ANSWER: POINTS:

a 1

DIFFICULTY: MODERATE REFERENCES: The Gestalt Approach: Problem Solving as Representation and Restructuring

1

Chapter 12

4. The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate a. how analogies can be used to solve problems. b. means-end analysis. c. representation and restructuring. d. the problem space. ANSWER:

c

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1 DIFFICULT

REFERENCES: The Gestalt Approach: Problem Solving as Representation and Restructuring 5. Insight refers to a. prior learning facilitating problem solving. b. prior learning hindering problem solving. c. the tendency to respond in a certain manner, based on past experience. d. the sudden realization of a problem's solution. ANSWER: POINTS:

d 1

DIFFICULTY: EASY REFERENCES: The Gestalt Approach: Problem Solving as Representation and Restructuring 6. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to a. demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems.

b. show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem. c. show that some problems are easier to solve than others. d. measure the time-course of solving well-defined versus ill-defined problems. ANSWER:

a

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1 DIFFICULT

REFERENCES: The Gestalt Approach: Problem Solving as Representation and Restructuring

Chapter 12

7. Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution

prior to the solution of an insight problem and

prior to the

solution of a non-insight problem.

a. gradually rise; gradually rise b. gradually rise; rise suddenly just c. rise suddenly just; gradually rise d. vary unpredictably; vary unpredictably ANSWER:

c

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REFERENCES: The Gestalt Approach: Problem Solving as Representation and Restructuring 8. Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n) a. novel object. b. familiar object. c. frequently used object. d. object with a specific function. ANSWER: POINTS:

a 1

DIFFICULTY: MODERATE REFERENCES: The Gestalt Approach: Problem Solving as Representation and Restructuring 9.

identified people's tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving.

a. Information processing psychologists b. Gestalt psychologists c. Psychophysicists d. The analogical problem solving approach ANSWER:

b

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1 MODERATE

REFERENCES: The Gestalt Approach: Problem Solving as Representation and Restructuring

Chapter 12

10. Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for the family. When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. She decided to wait until her mother-inlaw returned to ask her where the ladle was, leaving the soup in the stove pot. Her mother-in-law later explained that the ladle had been broken, so she told Holly to use a coffee mug to "spoon" the soup into bowls. Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles?

a. Discriminability b. Perseveration c. Divergent thinking d. Functional fixedness ANSWER:

d

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: MODERATE REFERENCES: The Gestalt Approach: Problem Solving as Representation and Restructuring 11. Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness? a. Using a pair of pliers as a paperweight b. Using a tire as a swing seat and as a football practice target c. Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice d. Using a wine bottle as a vase ANSWER: POINTS:

c 1

DIFFICULTY: EASY REFERENCES: The Gestalt Approach: Problem Solving as Representation and Restructuring 12. The solution to the candle problem involves realizing that the a. match box can be used as a container for tacks. b. match box can be used as a shelf. c. candle can be cut in half. d. candle can be oriented horizontally or diagonally. ANSWER:

b

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1 EASY

REFERENCES: The Gestalt Approach: Problem Solving as Representation and Restructuring

Chapter 12

13. Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if a. fewer tacks are provided. b. pliers are also presented. c. the box is empty. d. the candle is already lit. ANSWER: POINTS:

c 1

DIFFICULTY: MODERATE REFERENCES: The Gestalt Approach: Problem Solving as Representation and Restructuring 14. A string led to a restructured representation in the two-string problem. a. stationary b. swinging c. knotted d. unknotted ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY:

b 1 MODERATE

REFERENCES: The Gestalt Approach: Problem Solving as Representation and Restructuring 15. Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem? a. Tower of Hanoi problem b. Two-string problem c. Mutilated checkerboard problem d. The radiation problem ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY:

b 1 DIFFICULT

REFERENCES: The Gestalt Approach: Problem Solving as Representation and Restructuring 16. In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) a. functional fixedness b. goal c. intermediate d. initial ANSWER:

c

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1 DIFFICULT

state.

Chapter 12

REFERENCES: The Gestalt Approach: Problem Solving as Representation and Restructuring; Modern Research on Problem Solving: The Information-Processing Approach

Chapter 12

17. The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from

a. seeing more efficient solutions to the problem. b. being able to solve other problems at all. c. understanding why the procedure works successfully. d. discriminating between well- and ill-defined problems. ANSWER:

a

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: EASY REFERENCES: The Gestalt Approach: Problem Solving as Representation and Restructuring 18. Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. Amber takes the street to the north during that time. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. Continuing to take the street to the north represents

a. a single dissociation. b. a source problem. c. a mental set. d. convergent thinking. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY:

c 1 MODERATE

REFERENCES: The Gestalt Approach: Problem Solving as Representation and Restructuring 19. Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems. Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves

a. insight. b. algorithms. c. parity. d. search. ANSWER: POINTS:

d 1

DIFFICULTY: DIFFICULT REFERENCES: Modern Research on Problem Solving: The Information-Processing Approach

Chapter 12

20. The information processing approach describes problem solving as a process involving a. design fixation. b. creative cognition. c. insight. d. search. ANSWER:

d

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REFERENCES: Modern Research on Problem Solving: The Information-Processing Approach 21. In the Tower of Hanoi problem, the

state involves having three discs stacked on the left peg, with the

middle and right pegs empty.

a. transitory b. goal c. intermediate d. initial ANSWER: POINTS:

d 1

DIFFICULTY: EASY REFERENCES: Modern Research on Problem Solving: The Information-Processing Approach 22. Newell and Simon called the conditions at the beginning of the problem the a. intermediate state. b. goal state. c. initial state. d. source story. ANSWER:

c

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REFERENCES: Modern Research on Problem Solving: The Information-Processing Approach 23. Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as a. intermediate states. b. subgoals. c. operators. d. mental sets. ANSWER:

c

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1 MODERATE

Chapter 12

REFERENCES: Modern Research on Problem Solving: The Information-Processing Approach

Chapter 12

24. The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT a. initial state. b. operators. c. goal state. d. intermediate states. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY:

b 1 EASY

REFERENCES: Modern Research on Problem Solving: The Information-Processing Approach 25. The typical purpose of subgoals is to a. solve insight problems. b. move the solver directly from the initial state to the goal state. c. bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state. d. avoid the need to perform means-end analysis. ANSWER:

c

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: MODERATE REFERENCES: Modern Research on Problem Solving: The Information-Processing Approach 26. Intermediate states can be created by a. restructuring initial states. b. restructuring goal states. c. creating operators. d. creating subgoals. ANSWER:

d

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: MODERATE REFERENCES: Modern Research on Problem Solving: The Information-Processing Approach 27. In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Participants in the

group had the fastest response time.

a. blank b. color c. black and pink d. bread and butter ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY:

d 1 DIFFICULT

Chapter 12

REFERENCES: Modern Research on Problem Solving: The Information-Processing Approach

Chapter 12

28. Kaplan and Simon's experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The main purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that

a. people arrive at the solution to an insight problem suddenly, but proceed more methodically towards the solution of a non-insight problem.

b. a person's mental set can hinder finding a solution to a problem. c. people often have to backtrack within the problem space to arrive at an answer to a problem. d. the way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving. ANSWER:

d

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1 MODERATE

REFERENCES: Modern Research on Problem Solving: The Information-Processing Approach 29. The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine a. what information a person is attending to while solving a problem. b. which people can be considered more creative in ability to solve problems. c. how to develop computer programs that best mimic human problem solving. d. how a person's expertise increases his or her likelihood of solving a problem, relative to a beginner. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY:

a 1 EASY

REFERENCES: Modern Research on Problem Solving: The Information-Processing Approach 30. The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the a. light bulb b. Tower of Hanoi

problem.

c. radiation d. Russian marriage ANSWER:

d

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: DIFFICULT REFERENCES: Modern Research on Problem Solving: The Information-Processing Approach

Chapter 12

31. Dr. Curious is doing a follow-up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. In this new study, participants solve the following shoe problem before tackling the checkerboard problem. By doing this, Dr. Curious is studying the effect of on problem solving. The shoe problem: A first-grade class is using a trampoline in gym class, so all the children have removed their shoes, which are all jumbled in a large pile. One of the students, Miguel, is leaving early, so the teacher tells him to grab his shoes and report to the lobby. In his hurry, Miguel grabs two identical left-footed, size 6 red sneakers and runs to his mother still sock-footed. Will the remaining students be able to shoe-up with the remaining shoes without getting a foot-ache? a. analogies

b. anaphoric interference c. perceptual segregation d. divergent thinking ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY:

a 1 MODERATE

REFERENCES: Using Analogies to Solve Problems 32. In analogical problem solving, the

problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution. . a. source; target

b. target; source c. prototype; target d. exemplar; source ANSWER: POINTS:

b 1

DIFFICULTY: MODERATE REFERENCES: Using Analogies to Solve Problems 33. The ability to shift experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as a. analogical encoding. b. analogical transfer. c. insight. d. in vivo problem solving. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY:

b 1 EASY

REFERENCES: Using Analogies to Solve Problems

Chapter 12

34. The radiation problem can be solved using a. representation and restructuring. b. means-end analysis. c. warmth judgments. d. mental set. ANSWER:

a

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REFERENCES: Using Analogies to Solve Problems 35. The radiation problem was used in your text to illustrate the role of a. means-end analysis b. functional fixedness

in problem solving.

c. analogy d. mental set ANSWER: POINTS:

c 1

DIFFICULTY: MODERATE REFERENCES: Using Analogies to Solve Problems 36. When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process? a. Likening the dangerous mines to the dangerous tumor

b. Developing schemas for each individual problem c. Connecting the fortress with the tumor d. Generalizing from groups of soldiers to using many rays to solve the problem ANSWER:

c

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REFERENCES: Using Analogies to Solve Problems 37. Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the a. source b. target c. exemplar d. prototype ANSWER:

a

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problem.

Chapter 12

REFERENCES: Using Analogies to Solve Problems

Chapter 12

38. Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving?

a. Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection

b. Mapping corresponding parts between the problems because the elements are difficult to identify c. Applying the mapping to generate a parallel solution because of the difficulty in generalizing from one problem to another

d. Solving the problem through reorganization because past experience can make it more difficult to reorganize a problem

ANSWER:

a

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: MODERATE REFERENCES: Using Analogies to Solve Problems 39. Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps: a. restructuring, searching, and simulating. b. noticing, mapping, and applying. c. surfacing, structuring, and generalizing. d. well-defining, insighting, and means-end analysis. ANSWER: POINTS:

b 1

DIFFICULTY: DIFFICULT REFERENCES: Using Analogies to Solve Problems 40. People are most successful at noticing an analogous relationship between problems if they focus on a. surface features. b. structural features. c. operators. d. mental sets. ANSWER:

b

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REFERENCES: Using Analogies to Solve Problems

Chapter 12

41. The fortress problem involves a fortress and marching soldiers, while the radiation problem involves a tumor and rays. Therefore, the two problems have very different

a. surface features. b. operators. c. structural features. d. mental sets. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY:

a 1 MODERATE

REFERENCES: Using Analogies to Solve Problems 42. Holyoak and Koh presented different versions of the light bulb problem to assist in solving the radiation problem. They found the version to be more effective, because it had problem. a. insufficient-intensity; surface

features in common with the radiation

b. insufficient-intensity; structural c. fragile-glass; surface d. fragile-glass; structural ANSWER:

d

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REFERENCES: Using Analogies to Solve Problems 43. Gentner and Goldinmeadow (2003) illustrated that analogical encoding causes problem solvers to pay attention to features that a. surface; diminish

their ability to solve other problems.

b. surface; enhance c. structural; diminish d. structural; enhance ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY:

d 1 DIFFICULT

REFERENCES: Using Analogies to Solve Problems

Chapter 12

44. The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between a. experts and novices. b. laboratory and real-world settings. c. experimental groups and control groups. d. well- and ill-defined problems. ANSWER:

b

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REFERENCES: Using Analogies to Solve Problems 45. A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department rather than in an artificial laboratory setting. Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techn...