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Chapter 13 Prejudice: Causes, Consequences, and Cures Total Assessment Guide (T.A.G.) Topic

Question Type

Factual

Conceptual

Applied

1,2,4,6,13,14,18, 27,33,34,39, 49,50,55,57

3,9,10,12,15,19,20,21, 22,23,25,32,35,37, 38,40,41,42,46, 47,48,58

5,7,8,11,16,17, 24,26,28,29, 30,31,36,43,44, 45,51,52,53, 54,56,59

Multiple Choice

Introduction Essay

What Is Prejudice?

Multiple Choice

Essay

Modern Racism and Other Implicit Prejudices

Multiple Choice

169,170,171 60,61,66,67,69, 71,74,75,77

63,65,68,70,72,79, 80,83,84,86

Essay

Multiple Choice

What Causes Prejudice?

172,173,174,175,176

87,95,101,106,108, 113,115,120,121, 122,123,126,127, 131,134,135

Essay

How Can Prejudice Be Reduced?

Multiple Choice

62,64,73,76,78,81,82,85

140,141,147, 148,149,150, 151,125,153,157,166

Essay

90,93,94,99, 104,105,110,111, 114,117,118,124, 129,137

88,89,91,92, 96,97,98,100,102,102,107, 109,112,116,119, 125,128,130,132,133,136

177,178,179, 180,181,182

183

139,139,142,143,145,158, 160,161,162,163, 165,167,168

144,146,154, 155,156,159,164

184,185,186

1 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 13 PREJUDICE: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, AND CURES _____________________________________________________________________________

Multiple Choice Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1.

Which of the following statements about prejudice is false? a. Everyone, no matter their origin, is a potential target of prejudice. b. While our enemies regard us in distorted fashion, our allies perceive us without prejudice. c. Prejudices exist for nationalities, gender, sexual orientation, religion, and aspects of appearance and health. d. Prejudices tend to “cut both ways”; if we have prejudice about one group, they will have prejudices about us. Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 362 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: FACTUAL

2.

According to the authors, one nearly inevitable consequence of being the target of relentless prejudice is a. genocide. b. discrimination. c. lower self-esteem. d. rebellion. Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 362 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: FACTUAL

3.

Prejudice against ethnic minorities is well-known. Which of the following is true about the limits of who experiences prejudice? a. Only ethnic minorities experience prejudice and discrimination. b. Only ethnic minorities and women experience prejudice. c. Any group can experience prejudice. d. Prejudice is a thing of the past; no groups experience it anymore. Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 362 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: CONCEPTUAL

4.

________ refers to an attitude toward a distinguishable group of people based solely on their group membership. a. Discrimination b. Stereotypes c. Racism d. Prejudice Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 362 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: FACTUAL

5.

Lucas reads an article in the newspaper about a man recently arrested for polygamy. “Yuck! That lifestyle disgusts 2 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

me!” Lucas says with disdain. Lucas is expressing his ________ about polygamy. a. stereotypes b. beliefs c. prejudice d. politically correct opinion Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 362 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: APPLIED 6.

According to your text, prejudice can be considered a(n) a. attitude. b. cognition. c. belief. d. estimation. Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 362 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: FACTUAL

7.

Which of the following best exemplifies the concept “prejudice” as used by social psychologists? a. At parties, Lynne tends to seek out people who, like her, are psychology majors. b. Kevin feels mistrustful of and uncomfortable around people from the Middle East. c. Maria seldom hangs out with people who are not Catholic. d. Barbara believes that women are smarter than men. Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 362 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: APPLIED

8.

Kevin only buys clothes made in America. He never buys clothes made in India or Pakistan. This demonstrates the ________ component of his attitude. a. affective b. behavioral c. cognitive d. disabling Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 362 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: APPLIED

9.

________ is to affect as ________ is to cognition. a. Stereotype; prejudice b. Discrimination; stereotype c. Prejudice; discrimination d. Prejudice; stereotype Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 362-363 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: CONCEPTUAL

10.

One reason why logical arguments often fail to change stereotypes is that they are emotion-based arguments. The other reason is that 3 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

a. attitudes are organized such that schema-consistent information is given more attention. b. stereotypes are perpetuated so strongly in the news media. c. people who are prejudiced tend to also have lower I.Q.s. d. stereotypes are usually ingrained since birth. Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 362-363 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: CONCEPTUAL 11.

Which of the following examples best captures the social-psychological concept of a stereotype? a. Arlene refuses to enter an elevator in which men are riding. b. Mitch believes that women are seductive, duplicitous, and not to be trusted. c. Aaron becomes uncomfortable when a man sits too close to him. d. Nicole avoids homeless people on the street. Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 363 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: APPLIED

12.

Stereotypes are perpetuated in a culture. Thus, members of a culture may not believe the stereotypes, but most a. will subscribe to them as adults. b. will be aware of what the stereotypes are. c. will use them to judge others. d. have experiences that are in line with the stereotype. Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 363 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: CONCEPTUAL

13.

The term ________ was coined by journalist Walter Lippman (1922), who referred to these phenomena as “the little pictures we carry around in our heads.” a. generalization b. heuristics c. prejudgments d. stereotype Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 363 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: FACTUAL

14.

Stereotypes are the ________ component of a negative attitude toward a group of people. a. denotative b. behavioral c. cognitive d. affective Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 363 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: FACTUAL

15.

Although psychologists usually refer to stereotypes only in a ________ sense, it is possible for a person to have a ________ stereotype about a particular group. a. benign; destructive 4 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b. positive; negative c. negative; positive d. specific; diffuse Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 363 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: CONCEPTUAL 16.

When asked to imagine someone who fits the description “construction worker,” many people picture a man in a hard hat and work clothes. Such mental images of a group of people are examples of a. prejudices. b. stereotypes. c. evaluations. d. scripts. Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 363 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: APPLIED

17.

Shane believes that women are more dependent, more nurturing, more intuitive, and less rational than men. These are examples of Shane’s ________ women. a. prejudice toward b. stereotypes about c. discrimination against d. negative affect toward Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 363 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: APPLIED

18.

________ are generalizations about a group of people in which identical characteristics are ascribed to all members of the group, regardless of within-group variations. a. Schemas b. Stereotypes c. In-group biases d. Negative stereotypes Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 363 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: FACTUAL

19.

Stereotyping is a way of ________ the complex information around us, and thus is sometimes ________. a. coding; destructive b. simplifying; adaptive c. justifying; reassuring d. judging; decisive Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 363 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: CONCEPTUAL

20.

When Gordon Allport (1954) described stereotyping as “the law of least effort,” he was suggesting that 5 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

stereotypes arise a. from personal experience. b. to help us conserve cognitive energy. c. at the service of the ego. d. to justify objectionable actions quickly and easily. Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 363 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: CONCEPTUAL 21.

Stereotypes are harmful to the extent they a. exist. b. are overgeneralized to members of a group. c. are based on experience. d. reduce cognitive effort. Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 363 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: CONCEPTUAL

22.

Stereotypes are beneficial to the extent that they a. are selectively applied. b. simplify a complex social world. c. are reserved for ambiguous situations. d. minimize differences within a group of people. Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 363 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: CONCEPTUAL

23.

Keep in mind Gordon Allport’s (1954) description of stereotyping as “the law of least effort.” From Allport’s perspective, people are often a. motivated tacticians. b. cognitive misers. c. prone to scapegoating. d. lay scientists. Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 363 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: CONCEPTUAL

24.

A cashier at the store assumes that because his next customer is elderly, she will take a long time to pay. The cashier is using his stereotypes about the elderly and not taking the time or energy to carefully consider each customer in his line as an individual. His use of stereotypes best exemplifies Allport’s idea of a. the contact hypothesis. b. the law of least effort. c. scapegoating. d. natural prejudice. Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 363 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: APPLIED 6 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

25.

If someone from Texas and someone from Massachusetts were asked about their stereotypes of Hollywood actors, they would probably have remarkably similar stereotypes. This is because stereotypes are perpetuated in a culture on a large scale through a. heredity. b. religion. c. the media. d. politicians. Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 363 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: CONCEPTUAL

26.

Alan just met Tina who is from a small rural town in the South. Alan believes that people from the South are narrow-minded, conservatively religious, and prudish. Tina, however, is none of these. What will Alan think? a. His stereotype about southerners is incorrect. b. Tina is an exception to his stereotype about southerners. c. His stereotype needs revision. d. His emotions about Tina aren’t appropriate. Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 363 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: APPLIED

27.

A(n) ________ refers to the tendency to see relations between objects or events that are not actually related. a. artificial association b. incidental inference c. illusory correlation d. bogus association Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 364 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: FACTUAL

28.

You don’t know very many people with blue hair, but you happen to observe that when fights break out, they seem to involve people with blue hair. You draw the conclusion that people with blue hair are particularly violent, even though they are not. This conclusion reflects a(n) a. subliminal prime of stereotypic information. b. automatic activation of a stereotype. c. artificial association. d. illusory correlation. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 364 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: APPLIED

29.

You have seen few people with nose rings, and few car accidents in your life. You happen to observe several car accidents involving people with nose rings, and come to the conclusion that people with nose rings drive badly. You have just created a(n) a. illusory correlation. b. plausible judgment. c. incidental inference. d. artifactual connection. Answer: A Difficulty: 2 7 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page(s) in Text: 364 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: APPLIED 30.

In the past, journalists would routinely report the race of an alleged criminal when he or she was black, but not when he or she was white. This media practice was likely to confirm in some readers’ minds the tendency of African Americans to commit criminal behavior. This phenomenon illustrates a. a liberal media bias. b. automatic activation of stereotypes. c. an illusory correlation. d. cognitive busyness. Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 364 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: APPLIED

31.

You don’t know very many people with visible tattoos, but you happen to observe that when fights break out, they seem to involve people with tattoos. You draw the conclusion that there must be an association between having tattoos and being prone to aggression. This conclusion reflects a(n) a. subliminal prime of stereotypic information. b. automatic activation of your stereotype. c. artificial association. d. illusory correlation. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 364 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: APPLIED

32.

Research on the illusory correlation indicates that a correlation is found between minority status and negative events because minority status is a. informative. b. powerless. c. distinctive. d. poor. Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 364 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: CONCEPTUAL

33.

Researchers exposed participants to a twenty-minute audiotape of a college basketball game. Half of the participants were led to believe that one player, Mark Flick, was African American, and the other half were led to believe that Mark Flick was Caucasian. When participants were asked to rate Mark Flick’s performance, a. they rated the “white” Mark Flick as a uniformly better player. b. white participants and black participants demonstrated a “same race” bias. c. they rated the “African American” Mark Flick as more athletic. d. they did not rate the “African-American” and “white” Mark Flick differently. Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 365 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: FACTUAL

34. Researchers exposed participants to a twenty-minute audiotape of a college basketball game. In this research, “Mark Flick” was rated by participants as more athletic if the participants thought he was 8 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

a. Japanese. b. Caucasian . c. African American. d. Hispanic. Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 365 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: FACTUAL 35.

Some would argue that the stereotype that African Americans are athletic is flattering. Which of the following is one reason why it is abusive? a. It is a gross overgeneralization. b. It is denying Caucasian children the opportunity to play sports. c. It implies that African Americans are built for hard labor. d. It is a means of scapegoating. Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 365 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: CONCEPTUAL

36.

Julius is an African American and Mike is a Caucasian; both are basketball players for high-school teams. They both score same number of baskets and have similar records of assists, rebounds, and free throws. According to information from your text, who would be viewed as having more athletic ability and as having played a better game overall? a. Mike b. Julius c. It depends on the ethnicity of the person you ask. d. They would be view equally. Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 365 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: APPLIED

37.

Which of the following is out of place? a. hostile b. nurturing c. cowardly d. incompetent Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 365 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: CONCEPTUAL

38.

A benevolent sexist would endorse which of the following statements? a. “Women are just not capable of doing good science.” b. “Women should not serve in the military because they aren’t as brave as men.” c. “Women should stay home because they are too precious and sweet to waste on the working world.” d. “Women shouldn’t teach men because they aren’t very intelligent.” Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 365 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: CONCEPTUAL 9 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

39.

One common stereotype about women that your text discusses is that they tend to be a. aggressive. b. better than men at throwing long distances. c. more nurturing. d. good at math. Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 365 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: FACTUAL

40.

Because we live in a ________ society, many men have feelings of ________ towards women. a. patriarchal; ambivalence b. patriarchal; hatred c. modern; pleasure d. modern; fear Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 365-366 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: CONCEPTUAL

41.

Both benevolent sexism and hostile sexism are alike in that they a. put women on a pedestal. b. idealize women romantically. c. have uniformly negative views of women. d. view women as the weaker sex. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 366 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: CONCEPTUAL

42.

Men who are “benevolent sexists” have positive feelings about women as a group, but a. while their views may be old-fashioned, there is no harm in them. b. unconsciously have a strong underlying hatred of women. c. are not inclined to put women on a pedestal or idealize them romantically. d. their views also serve to justify relegating women to traditional, stereotyped roles. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 366 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: CONCEPTUAL

43.

Tara’s boss always calls her “Miss,” but refers to his other employees by name. He also goes out of his way to hold open a door for her, and has asked her a number of times to bring in some of her fabulous cookies for the office. Tara is experiencing ________ sexism from her boss. a. hostile b. puerile c. benign d. benevolent Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 365-366 Topic: What Is Prejudice? Question Type: APPLIED 10 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

44.

At work, Julie is often told, “Get out of the way, this is man’s work, little woman.” Her coworkers will often belittle her when she makes a tiny mistake, but let it slide when another man makes a similar mistake. Julie is experiencing ________ sexism. a. hostile b. puerile c. malignant d. ...