Chapter 2 Study Guide PDF

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Chapter 2 in Biology II...

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CHAPTER 2 STUDY GUIDE Fill in the blanks: 1 . ______________ is anything that occupies space and has mass. ______________ is a pure substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical means. ______________ is a pure substance that contains only one kind of an atom. 2 . Wh a t f o u r e l e me n t sma k eu p9 6 %of al i v i ngor g a ni s m’ swe i ght ?

3 . At omsi st h es ma l l e s t u n i t o f ma t t e r . At omi sc omp o s e do f s u b a t o mi cp a r t i c l e s . Co mp ar et h es u b a t o mi cp a r t i c l e sb e l o w: Subatomic Particles:

Charge:

Location:

Function:

Proton Neutron Electron 4 . ___________________ is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom; it identifies an element (It determines the identity of an element) 5 . True or False: ____________ An element contains only one kind of an atom. ____________ The element hydrogen is consists only of hydrogen atoms. ____________ The element sodium is consists of sodium atoms and chlorine atoms. ____________ The compound sodium chloride is composed of sodium atoms and chlorine atoms. ____________ Every atom of an element has the same number of protons. 6 . Multiple choice question: Which of the following statements about atoms is FALSE? Choose the best answer. A) Atomic mass is the sum of all the protons, electrons, and neutrons in an atom. B) Atomic number determines the identity of an element. C) An atom is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element. D) An atom is made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. 7 . _________________ is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom _________________ are atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons 8 . Multiple response question: Which of the following statements are TRUE about atoms and isotopes? Mark all that apply. A) Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons. B) Isotopes of the same element have the same number of protons in their nuclei. C) Isotopes of the same element have the same number of neutrons in their nuclei. D) Different isotopes of the same element will have the same atomic numbers but different atomic masses. E) Mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. F) Isotopes of the same element have the same atomic number. G) Isotopes of the same element have the same mass numbers. H) Isotopes of the same element have different mass numbers.

Ex) Isotopes of the element Carbon. An atom with 6 protons is known as Carbon

Atomic number = 6

Atomic number = 6

Atomic number = 6

Mass number = 12

Mass number = 13

Mass number = 14

9 . What are radioisotopes? Are all types of radiation harmful? Yes or No. Explain your answer. Name two uses examples of radioisotopes in medical field: Name two other uses of radioisotopes: 1 0.Use the choices below to answer the following questions: You may use the choices more than once. A) protons

b) neutrons

C) electrons

The behavior of ______________determines chemical bonding and geometry of atoms. The _______________determines the identity of an atom. The number of _______________differs among isotopes. Isotopes are atoms with the same number of ____________ but different number of ________________. The _____________ and _______________ are located in the nucleus of an atom. The orbitals are filled with ______________ in a specific sequence, in a series of what is called electron shells. Atomic number is the number of ______________ in the nucleus of an atom. Mass number is the total number of _______________ and ______________ in the nucleus of an atom. 1 1.____________________ is the chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom or a functional group to “attract electrons towards itself”. ____________________ are electrons in the outermost shells and have the highest energy level. Atoms will undergo chemical reactions to fill their _______________ electrons. Reactive atoms can attain stability by: _____________________ and _________________________ The tendency of atoms to form stable associations so that they have eight electrons in their outermost shells is known as ___________________ RULE

1 2._________________ is a substance formed when two or more similar atoms (elements) are bonded together. Examples: O2, H2, N2 1 3._________________ is a substance made up of molecules with two or more different elements that are bonded together in a fixed ratio. Examples: NaCl, H2O, C₆H₁₂O₆ 1 4.True or False: Chemical reactions do not create or destroy matter, they rearrange it. Chemical reactions involve the conversion of reactants to products. Chemical reaction occurs when chemical bonds between atoms are formed or broken. A chemical bond holds atoms together to form a molecules. 1 5.Compare: Atom = _______________________________________________________________ Ion = ________________________________________________________________ Cation = _______________________________________________________________ Anion = ________________________________________________________________ 1 6.Electrons are shared in ___________________ bond Transfer of electrons (gain or lost) are involved in the formation of __________________ bond 1 7.Explain how ionic bond is formed ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Name an example of compound with ionic bond: ___________________________________

1 8.Explain how covalent bond is formed? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ Name two examples of compounds with non-polar covalent bond : ___________________________ Note: In non-polar covalent bonds, the atoms involved have the same electronegativities, therefore, there is equal sharing of electrons. Name one example of a compound with polar covalent bond: ________________________________ Note: In polar covalent bonds, the atoms involved have different electronegativities, therefore, there is unequal sharing of electrons.

1 9.Explain why water is a polar molecule.

How are hydrogen bonds formed between water molecules.

*NOTE: Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen so it pulls or attracts electrons towards itself. This results in unequal sharing of electrons à found in polar covalent bonds. 2 0.Given a diagram of water molecules. Label the hydrogen bond and the covalent bond....