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Chapter 20: Movement of Energy in Ecosystems Primary productivity provides energy to the ecosystem. MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Topic: worming your way into an ecosystem Level: medium Why have nonnative earthworms caused a decline in salamander populations in North America? a. Earthworms are predators of newly hatched salamanders. b. Earthworms caused reductions in insects that salamanders eat. c. Earthworms disturb soil, which makes it less hospitable to salamanders. d. Earthworms outcompete salamanders for soil nutrients. Answer: b 2. Topic: primary productivity Level: easy What is the source of most energy that moves through ecosystems? a. oceans b. soil nutrients c. the Sun d. Earth’s core Answer: c 3. Topic: primary productivity Level: easy The rate at which solar or chemical energy is captured and converted to chemical bonds by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis is called a. secondary productivity. b. net primary productivity. c. gross primary productivity. d. primary productivity Answer: d 4. Topic: primary productivity Level: medium What percentage of solar energy is captured by plants for photosynthesis? a. 50 percent b. 1 percent c. 99 percent d. 25 percent Answer: b

5. Topic: primary productivity Level: medium The biomass of producers in a given area of an ecosystem at a particular moment is called a. net primary production. b. ecosystem mass. c. the standing crop. d. the standing harvest. Answer: c 6. Topic: primary productivity Level: medium Standing crop is determined by _____ productivity. a. net primary b. gross primary c. net secondary d. gross secondary Answer: a 7. Topic: primary productivity Level: medium Net primary productivity is calculated as a. GPP ÷ respiration. b. GPP × respiration. c. respiration − GPP. d. GPP − respiration. Answer: d 8. Topic: primary productivity Level: medium What proportion of solar radiation captured by photosynthesis is used for plant growth and reproduction? a. 60 percent b. 80 percent c. 50 percent d. 40 percent Answer: d 9. Topic: primary productivity Level: medium Which of the following units is commonly used to express GPP?

a. kJ/m2/y b. kPa/m2/y c. kg/m2/y d. kmol/m2/y Answer: a 10. Topic: measuring primary productivity Level: medium Which of the following factors is NOT used for quantifying primary productivity over time? a. the change in consumer biomass b. the change in producer biomass c. the movement of carbon dioxide d. the movement of oxygen Answer: a 11. Topic: measuring primary productivity Level: easy Measuring the change in biomass from the beginning to the end of the growing season gives an estimate of a. herbivory. b. standing crop. c. gross primary productivity. d. net primary productivity. Answer: d 12. Topic: measuring primary productivity Level: easy Terrestrial primary productivity can be quantified by measuring the uptake and release of a. carbon dioxide. b. water vapor. c. nitrate. d. methane. Answer: a 13. Topic: measuring primary productivity Level: medium Which of the following is NOT used to measure primary production? a. uptake and release of O2 b. net movement of 14C c. release of CO2 d. changes in standing crop Answer: c

14. Topic: measuring primary productivity Level: easy Which technique allows measurement of conditions on Earth from a distant location? a. remote sensing b. remote monitoring c. satellite sensing d. satellite monitoring Answer: a 15. Topic: secondary production Level: medium When an animal eats fruit with hard seeds that cannot be digested and are excreted whole as a waste product, the seeds constitute _____ energy. a. assimilated b. egested c. respired d. kinetic Answer: b 16. Topic: secondary production Level: medium Energy that an organism uses to add to its biomass is a. egested. b. respired. c. assimilated. d. secondary. Answer: c 17. Topic: secondary production Level: medium Which is the portion of energy that an organism uses to maintain its body temperature? a. primary b. secondary c. egested d. respired Answer: d 18. Topic: secondary production Level: medium The rate of consumer biomass accumulation in a given area is called _____ productivity.

a. gross secondary b. net secondary c. gross primary d. net primary Answer: b 19. Topic: secondary production Level: easy Terrestrial secondary productivity is _____ correlated with primary productivity, and aquatic secondary productivity is _____ correlated with primary productivity. a. positively; positively b. positively; negatively c. negatively; negatively d. negatively; positively Answer: a MULTIPLE CHOICE 20. Topic: primary productivity around the world Level: easy NPP varies with _____ around the world. a. elevation b. soil type c. longitude d. latitude Answer: d 21. Topic: primary productivity around the world Level: medium Terrestrial NPP is greatest in _____ ecosystems, and aquatic NPP is greatest in _____ ecosystems. a. tropical; coastal b. tropical; open water c. polar; tropical d. tropical; tropical Answer: a 22. Topic: primary productivity around the world Level: easy Which of the following ecosystems has the lowest levels of primary productivity? a. desert scrub b. temperate grassland

c. savanna d. tundra Answer: a 23. Topic: primary productivity around the world Level: easy Which of the following ecosystems has the highest levels of primary productivity? a. coral reef b. swamp c. lake d. salt marsh Answer: b 24. Topic: drivers of productivity in terrestrial ecosystems Level: easy What are the major drivers of NPP? a. fertility and precipitation b. temperature and pH c. temperature and precipitation d. fertility and temperature Answer: c 25. Topic: drivers of productivity in terrestrial ecosystems Level: medium Between latitudes of 30° N and 30° S, NPP is primarily constrained by a. temperature. b. fertility. c. pH. d. precipitation. Answer: d 26. Topic: drivers of productivity in terrestrial ecosystems Level: medium Experiments on how soil fertility limits terrestrial NPP demonstrate that _____ constrain(s) NPP. a. nitrogen b. phosphorus c. nitrogen and phosphorus d. micronutrients Answer: c 27. Topic: drivers of productivity in terrestrial ecosystems

Level: easy What is the primary reason that estuaries and coral reefs are so productive? a. high temperatures due to tropical location b. low levels of herbivory c. high light levels due to shallow waters d. high nutrient levels from runoff Answer: d 28. Topic: drivers of productivity in aquatic ecosystems Level: easy Aquatic NPP is primarily limited by a. fertility. b. light. c. temperature. d. salinity. Answer: b 29. Topic: drivers of productivity in aquatic ecosystems Level: medium Which of the following is NOT a low-productivity aquatic ecosystem? a. open ocean b. coral reef c. forest stream d. deep ocean Answer: b 30. Topic: drivers of productivity in aquatic ecosystems Level: medium Which of the following is NOT a high-productivity aquatic ecosystem? a. estuary b. coral reef c. stream d. coastal ocean Answer: c 31. Topic: drivers of productivity in aquatic ecosystems Level: medium In fertilization experiments in a lake in Ontario, which of the following nutrients were shown to have the greatest limitation on productivity? a. nitrogen b. carbon

c. phosphorus d. All three nutrients equally limited productivity. Answer: c 32. Topic: drivers of productivity in aquatic ecosystems Level: medium Compilation of data from many experiments on nutrients and NPP in marine ecosystems shows that ecosystems with hard bottoms are generally limited by _____, while softbottomed ecosystems are generally limited by _____. a. nitrogen; phosphorus b. nitrogen; nitrogen and phosphorus c. phosphorus; nitrogen d. phosphorus; nitrogen and phosphorus Answer: b 33. Topic: drivers of productivity in aquatic ecosystems Level: difficult In addition to nitrogen and phosphorus, what nutrients can limit productivity in the open ocean? a. silicon and magnesium b. silicon and iron c. manganese and iron d. molybdenum and manganese Answer: b 34. Topic: drivers of productivity in aquatic ecosystems Level: easy Silicon is used primarily by a. zooxanthellae. b. zooplankton. c. diatoms. d. algae. Answer: c 35. Topic: drivers of productivity in aquatic ecosystems Level: medium Aquatic ecosystems can be limited by silicon because a. there are few silicon organisms in the upper waters. b. many organisms compete for the silicon. c. silicon sinks slower than nitrogen or phosphorus. d. silicon sinks faster than nitrogen or phosphorus. Answer: d

36. Topic: drivers of productivity in aquatic ecosystems Level: medium Iron is lost from oceans when it combines with _____ and precipitates. a. nitrogen b. silicon c. phosphorus d. carbon Answer: c

37. Topic: trophic pyramids Level: easy What accounts for the pyramid shape of the diagram that represents energy in trophic groups in an ecosystem? a. Energy produced by consumers is greater than energy stored by producers. b. Energy stored by consumers is greater than energy stored by producers. c. Energy is gained as it moves from one trophic level to the next. d. Energy is lost as it moves from one trophic level to the next. Answer: d 38. Topic: trophic pyramids Level: medium In aquatic ecosystems, trophic pyramids of biomass are inverted because a. most biomass is found in the producers. b. the standing biomass of algae is lower than the standing biomass of consumers. c. the lifespan of producers is very long compared to that of consumers. d. consumers do not rapidly consume producers. Answer: b 39. Topic: trophic pyramids Level: easy What is at the top level of a four-level terrestrial trophic pyramid? a. quaternary consumers b. tertiary consumers c. secondary consumers d. producers Answer: b 40. Topic: trophic pyramids Level: easy

The lowest level in marine trophic pyramids is a. phytoplankton. b. zooplankton. c. pelagic fish. d. periplankton. Answer: a 41. Topic: efficiencies of energy transfers Level: easy The percentage of energy or biomass in a trophic level that is consumed by the next higher trophic level is called _____ efficiency. a. consumption b. predation c. assimilation d. net production Answer: a 42. Topic: efficiencies of energy transfers Level: medium Consumption efficiency is calculated as a. consumed energy times net production energy of the next lower trophic level. b. net production energy of the next lower trophic level divided by consumed energy. c. consumed energy divided by net production energy of the next higher trophic level. d. consumed energy divided by net production energy of the next lower trophic level. Answer: d 43. Topic: efficiencies of energy transfers Level: medium Assimilation energy is the percentage of consumed energy that is a. used for reproduction. b. digested and absorbed. c. used for growth. d. consumed by the next higher trophic level. Answer: b 44. Topic: efficiencies of energy transfers Level: medium Net production energy divided by assimilation energy is _____ efficiency. a. consumption b. assimilation c. net assimilation

d. net production Answer: d 45. Topic: efficiencies of energy transfers Level: easy Ecological efficiency is also called _____ efficiency. a. trophic pyramid b. food chain c. assimilation d. net production Answer: b 46. Topic: efficiencies of energy transfers Level: medium Food chain efficiency is the percentage of _____ from one trophic level compared to the next_____ trophic level. a. net production; higher b. net production; lower b. consumed energy; higher c. consumed energy; lower Answer: b 47. Topic: efficiencies of energy transfers Level: easy As a rule of thumb, ecologists use _____ as a value for food chain efficiency. a. 10 percent b. 25 percent c. 15 percent d. 20 percent Answer: a 48. Topic: efficiencies of energy transfers Level: medium Aquatic ecosystems typically have _____ trophic levels, while terrestrial ecosystems typically have _____ trophic levels. a. two; three b. four; five c. three or four; six d. five; three or four Answer: d 49. Topic: residence times

Level: easy The _____ the residence time, the _____ amount of biomass in the trophic level. a. shorter b. longer c. longer d. shorter Answer: c 50. Topic: residence times Level: medium The average energy residence time is calculated as a. energy in a trophic level times net productivity. b. net productivity times energy in a trophic level. c. energy in a trophic level divided by net productivity. d. net productivity divided by energy present in a trophic level. Answer: c 51. Topic: residence times Level: easy Biomass residence time is the length of time that a. biomass takes to move through the food chain. b. energy takes to move through the food chain. c. energy spends in a given trophic level. d. biomass spends in a given trophic level. Answer: c 52. Topic: residence times Level: medium A trophic level has a biomass residence time of 5 years and net productivity of 3 kg/m2/y. What is the biomass in the trophic level? a. 1.7 kg/m2 b. 15 kg/m2 c. 0.6 kg/m2 d. 2 kg/m2 Answer: b 53. Topic: residence times Level: medium In which ecosystem does leaf litter have the shortest residence time? a. humid tropical forest b. temperate forest

c. dry tropical forest d. boreal forest Answer: a 54. Topic: stoichiometry Level: easy The study of the balance of nutrients in ecological interactions is called a. ecosystem ecology. b. ecological stoichiometry. c. chemical ecology. d. stoichiometric biochemistry. Answer: b...