Chapter 26=Biotechnology and Genomics PDF

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Chapter 26=Biotechnology and Genomics RECOMBINANT DNA AND TOOLS USED 1. Which of the following is NOT used in the production of recombinant DNA (rDNA)? A. vectors B. restriction enzymes C. DNA ligase D. RNA E. plasmids 2. Which of the following is NOT correct regarding restriction enzymes? A. They exist in bacteria to restrict the growth of viruses. B. They cut double-stranded DNA at specific sites. C. They are used during the manufacture of proteins. D. They produce "sticky ends" that can bind foreign DNA. 3. The molecule DNA ligase that is used to seal the piece of foreign DNA into the vector is A. created for each specific plasmid. B. created for each specific foreign DNA to be inserted. C. removed from humans and placed in the bacteria to create rDNA. D. naturally occurring in both humans and bacteria and functions in DNA replication. 4. When human DNA is inserted into a bacterial plasmid, the resulting bacterium will then A. produce the products of the gene that has been inserted into the bacteria. B. be placed into a vaccine and used to fight off viruses that attack humans. C. be used to study the evolutionary relationship between humans and bacteria. D. produce restriction enzymes that will help fight off viruses that attack humans. 5. What structure is used to seal the DNA into an opening created by the restriction enzyme during recombinant DNA technology? A. DNA ligase B. restriction enzymes C. plamids D. vectors E. DNA helicase 6. What is required to cleave the vector DNA during recombinant DNA technology? A. restriction enzymes B. DNA ligase C. plasmids D. vectors E. DNA helicase TRANSGENIC 7. The two techniques typically used to create transgenic animals are A. microinjection of eggs and vortex mixing of eggs. B. microinjection of eggs and electroshock of eggs. C. electroshock of protoplasts and electroshock of eggs. D. microinjection of protoplasts and electroshock of eggs. 8. When creating transgenic organisms, one difference between plants and animals is that A. only embryos can be used to create transgenic animals, while any plant cell can be used for transgenic plants. B. only eggs can be used to create transgenic animals, while embryos can be used for transgenic plants. C. only eggs can be used to create transgenic animals, while any plant cell can be used for transgenic plants. D. only embryos can be used to create transgenic animals, while eggs must be used to create transgenic plants. 9. When creating transgenic bacteria, plants, and animals A. any cell may be used as long as is does not have a cell wall. B. only eggs may be used for animals, while any cell may be used for plants and bacteria.

C. only eggs may be used for plants and animals, while any cell may be used for bacteria. D. only eggs may be used to create any transgenic organism. 10. Transgenic crop plants have been created that do all of the following except A. grow two kinds of crops, like the pomato which produces both tomatoes and potatoes. B. are resistant to insect damage. C. are resistant to herbicides. D. transgenic plants have been produced that can do all of the things listed. 11. Gene pharming is A. the use of bacterial DNA to impart drug resistance to plants. B. the use of transgenic farm animals to produce pharmaceuticals. C. the creation of new genes to be implanted in farm animals. D. the creation of crop plants to replace the use of farm animals as a source of protein. 12. Goats and cattle are used in gene pharming because A. they are the easiest farm animals to clone. B. therapeutic and diagnostic proteins are produced in the milk of these animals and can be harvested for use. C. the diagnostic and therapeutic proteins produced can be passed to humans who consume their meat. D. there are more of these two types of farm animals than other types. 13. A piece of DNA that contains pieces from two or more organisms is called ______ DNA. A. inverse B. species-specific C. recombinant D. transgenic E.semiconservative 14. Which of the following is NOT a concern over the use of genetically engineered corn? A. resistance among populations of certain pests B. resistance to herbicides and pesticides C. genetic exchange between engineered plants and related species D. impact of engineered plants on nontarget plant species E. presence of allergens 15. A major difference in the production of transgenic bacteria, plants, and animals is that A. transgenic bacteria do not pass on their genetic modification to offspring, while plants and animals do. B. transgenic animals require the use of host animals to carry the genetically modified embryo, while bacteria and plants do not require this. C. transgenic bacteria and plants receive genes from other species of organisms, while animals are only able to incorporate genes from their own species. D. transgenic animals are the most useful of the GMOs, while transgenic plants and bacteria are only created to perfect the techniques. 16. When creating transgenic animals, as contrasted with the creation of transgenic bacteria, A. it is necessary to carry out the procedure completely by hand. B. animals need donor eggs to contain the genetic material, while bacteria can have the new genes inserted into any bacterial cell. C. transgenic animals can be created in large numbers, while bacteria must be created one at a time to control contamination. D. the membranes of the bacteria must be disrupted to allow the genes to be taken up into the cell and animals do not require the host cell membrane to be disrupted.

17. Bacteria, and animals have all been used to create transgenic forms that are useful in A. producing high-yield tomato plants. B. creating pest-resistant versions of corn. C. cleaning up oil spills. D. generating pharmaceuticals. 18. All of the answer choices listed below are uses for transgenic bacteria, except A. bioremediation, when bacteria are used to clean up oil spills or other toxic substances. B. the production of organic chemicals, such as phenylalanine, used in the production of aspartame. C. the production of chemicals toxic to insects that can be used to protect plants from insects. D. the production of plants like the pomato. It has a starchy root like the potato and also produces tomatoes on the stem portion of the plant. 19. Why are genetically modified crop plants (GMOs) are able to express new traits? A. They now contain genes from another organism. B. They grow bacteria on the surface of leaves or roots. C. There is no natural method for processes to be degraded in the organism. D. Their normally occurring processes have been modified to serve different functions. 20. Which animals have had the bovine growth hormone injected into them in order to produce larger individuals? A. All answer are correct. B. cows C. fish D. pigs E. sheep PCR-GEL ELECTROPHORESIS- FINGERPRINTING 21. The purpose of PCR is to create (polymerase chain reaction) A. fragments of DNA that are different lengths. B. recombinant DNA. C. billions of copies of a segment of DNA. D. plasmids to be used as vectors in cloning. 22. Why must an engineered DNA polymerase be used in PCR and not the one that occurs naturally? A. It needs to work at very cold temperatures. B. It needs to attach to DNA without a primer. C. It must work in the 3' to 5' direction, adding nucleotides to the 5' end. D. It must work on single-stranded DNA at high temperatures and attach to a primer. 23. Which technique is used to create billions of copies of DNA in a short amount of time? A. polymerase chain reaction B. recombinant DNA technology C. short tandem repeat (STR) profiling D. gene therapy 24. PCR is often used in forensic analysis since A. it requires no specialized equipment. B. untrained personnel can carry out the procedure. C. very small samples are frequently all that are available. D. juries always trust the method. 25. In DNA fingerprinting the products of PCR are cut by restriction enzymes into unique lengths; these fragments are then A. subjected to fluorescent dyes and visualized under an electron microscope. B. separated according to their relative positive and negative charges. C. separated according to the lengths of the fragments. D. arranged into a karyotype. 26. ________ uses an electrical field to separate DNA fragments based upon their length. A. DNA cloning B. Polymerase chain reaction C. Transgenics D. Gel electrophoresis E. DNA digestion

27. Which of the following procedures would most likely be used to identify a specific individual of a population? A. DNA cloning B. transgenic DNA C. polymerase chain reaction D. DNA fingerprinting E. genetic engineering 28. Which of the following is NOT a use of DNA fingerprinting? A. paternity tests B. identifying Superbowl footballs C. forensic analysis D. determining a predisposition to cancer E. All of the them. 28. A method used to determine if the DNA found at a crime scene belongs to a particular individual is short tandem repeat (STR). This method employs A. repeated sequences found at multiple sites in the DNA. B. one particular gene found in the individual in question. C. fluorescent labeling of DNA found in the mitochondria. D. repeated sequences found at one specific site in the DNA. GENE THERAPY 29. The treatment of a disorder by inserting genetic material into an organism is called A. karyotyping. B. amniocentesis. C. genetic profiling. D. gene therapy. 30. Gene therapy may be used in the future to fight cancer by inserting genes that A. fight off mutations of the patient’s DNA. B. produce radioactive isotopes. C. cause cell death. D. produce anticancer drugs. E. All of the answer choices are correct. 31. One of the problems that limits the use of gene therapy is A. the finding of suitable donors. B. some patients are allergic to the bacterial DNA used. C. mutation of the patient’s genes caused by the therapy. D. detrimental side effects from the inserted genes. GENOMICS 32. The human genome project discovered many small regions of DNA that vary among individuals called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Certain SNP patterns change an individual’s susceptibility to disease and after response to medical treatments. This knowledge has led to the idea A. of designer drugs that are made to match one specific individual’s DNA profile. B. of designer babies that have known genetic traits. C. that everyone will respond to a drug in the same way. D. that not all humans are as well suited for survival. 33. How can comparative genomics assist in the treatment of HIV? A. The genome of HIV can now be compared to the human genome to find similarities between the two. B. Knowing the genome of HIV allows for the manufacture of designer drugs to treat specific strains. C. Understanding the genetic code of HIV allows scientists to replicate it in the laboratory. D. Understanding the evolution of HIV in an individual will help scientists understand how the virus responds to different drug regimes and will lead to better treatments.

34. All of the following are benefits of sequencing the human genome except A. knowing the exact sequence of DNA in an individual could allow pharmaceutical companies to design drugs for their exact genotype. B. the discovery of the chemical makeup of DNA. C. determining individuals who have a predisposing factor that could lead to future illness could allow for earlier treatment. D. the improvement of sequencing technology that will allow the genomes of other species to be more readily sequenced. E. enabling scientists to sequence the genome of various other organisms. 35. Which of the following statements was discovered by information gained from the human genome project? A. Large sections of the human genome do not code for a polypeptide. B. Nucleotides are composed of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases. C. DNA carries the information to make a polypeptide. D. Regulation of gene expression determines the specialization of cells in humans. E. DNA carries the information to make mRNA. 36. The study of comparative genomics has given researchers the ability to look at multiple genomes from different species, which has led to new ideas about the evolutionary history of organisms. The conclusion is that A. modern vertebrate species all evolved from very different ancestral species, so there is little similarity between their genomes. B. modern vertebrate species all evolved from the same ancestral species, but they have changes so that their genomes are very different in modern times. C. ancestral species contained very similar genomes, but modern vertebrate species have significant differences in their genomes. D. modern vertebrate species evolved from the same ancestors and a large portion of their genome is conserved. Recombinant DNA (rDNA) is composed from DNA from at least two different organisms. A vector or piece of DNA is manipulated DNA to insert a gene of interest. Plasmids are commonly a small circular accessory piece of DNA from a bacterium that are capable of self-replicating. The vector is then treated with a restriction enzyme that cuts the DNA in specific locations and DNA ligase, which inserts the bonds into the opening created by the restriction enzyme. Restriction enzymes occur naturally in bacteria where they act as a primitive immune system by cutting up any viral DNA that enters the cell. They can also be used as molecular scissors to cut double-stranded DNA at a specific site. One side of the double strand will have several base pairs that do not have hydrogen bonds to another base; this makes the ends "sticky," or willing to bind to nucleotides, which allows DNA from a different organism to be joined into these regions. Restriction enzymes function by manipulating DNA that do not affect protein synthesis. DNA ligase is used to seal the DNA into an opening created by the restriction enzyme.

Both animals and bacteria can be modified through mechanized means that disrupt the membrane and allow the new genetic material to be taken into the host cell. The genetic materials inserted in their genomes that allow them to produce products that can then be used by the pharmaceutical industry. The creation of transgenic animals can only be accomplished by using eggs and then placing them in a host to carry them to term. The eggs of animals can be directly microinjected with foreign DNA by hand or the eggs can be agitated by a vortex mixer in a solution containing foreign DNA. The eggs are pricked by needles that disrupt the membrane and allow the DNA to enter. The addition of foreign DNA to the egg of an animal that is then used to produce molecules to be used in the pharmaceutical industry is gene pharming. Animals such as goats and cattle have been used to produce therapeutic and diagnostic proteins in their milk making the desirable agents for ;gene farming since they produce a supply of the desired molecule for their entire life span. Transgenic plants and bacteria can be grown from any cell and do not require a host to allow the cell to develop into a viable organism. In bacteria any cell can be used as the host, while in animals only an egg can be used for this purpose. GMO or Transgenic plants have been created that can carry the DNA for a wide variety of traits including products as human hormones, insulin, clotting factors, and antibodies. Crop plants have been the subject of intensive experimentation in transgenic techniques, many of which are then patented. Some of the genetic modifications are made to create plants that are resistant to herbicides as a beneficial trait. These genes introduced code for the production of the new molecule and will be passed to any offspring. Concerns regarding the creation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), such as corn, generally pertain to the "escape" of the genetic modification into the general population of corn plants. Pollen can easily be transferred over long distances and could fertilize nonengineered corn in adjacent fields. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to take very small amounts of DNA and to replicate it to produce a sufficient amount of DNA to use for testing in a short amount of time. This is especially useful in forensics when very small quantities may be all that can be found at a crime scene. DNA fingerprinting refers to the process where DNA is cut into fragments with unique lengths. Restriction enzymes cut the DNA at unique sites, dependent on the genetic makeup of an individual. This will yield fragments of varying lengths which are then separated through gel electrophoresis according to their length, producing a distinctive pattern as fragments of a specific length separate from those of different lengths. Each individual will produce a different pattern of fragments because their DNA is unique. DNA fingerprinting can be used to compare DNA from any two or more samples to determine if they are from the same source or, in the case of paternity tests, if the sources of the two samples are related....