Chapter 27 - Bacteria and Archaea PDF

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Bacteria and Archaea...

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Campbell Biology, 11e (Urry) Chapter 27 Bacteria and Archaea 27.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The predatory bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriophorus drills into a prey bacterium and, once inside, digests it. In an attack upon a gram-negative bacterium that has a slimy cell covering, what is the correct sequence of structures penetrated by B. bacteriophorus on its way to the prey's cytoplasm? A) phospholipid membrane, capsule, peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide membrane B) lipopolysaccharide membrane, peptidoglycan, capsule, phospholipid membrane C) lipopolysaccharide membrane, capsule, peptidoglycan, phospholipid membrane D) capsule, lipopolysaccharide membrane, peptidoglycan, phospholipid membrane Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.1 2) Jams, jellies, preserves, honey, and other foods with high sugar content hardly ever become contaminated by bacteria, even when the food containers are left open at room temperature. This is because bacteria that encounter such an environment ________. A) undergo death as a result of water loss from the cell B) are unable to metabolize the glucose or fructose, and thus starve to death C) are obligate anaerobes D) are unable to swim through these thick and viscous materials Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.1 3) Use the information in the following paragraph to answer the question. A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining. It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium, even after being mixed with water and boiled. The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan. This bacterium's ability to survive in a human who is taking penicillin pills may be due to the presence of ________. A) gram-negative cell wall B) peptidoglycan in the cell wall C) lipopolysaccharides in the cytoplasm D) long polypeptides in the cell wall Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.1 1 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

4) Use the information in the following paragraph to answer the question. A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining. It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium, even after being mixed with water and boiled. The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan. Adherence to the intestinal lining by this bacterium is due to its possession of ________. A) fimbriae B) pili C) a capsule D) a flagellum Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.1 5) Use the information in the following paragraph to answer the question. A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining. It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium, even after being mixed with water and boiled. The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan. Which of the following statements about the cell wall is most probable? A) Its innermost layer is composed of a phospholipid bilayer. B) After it has been subjected to Gram staining, the cell should remain purple. C) It has an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide. D) It is mostly composed of a complex, cross-linked polysaccharide. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.1

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6) Use the information in the following paragraph to answer the question. A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining. It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium, even after being mixed with water and boiled. The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan. In which feature should one be able to locate a complete chromosome of this bacterium? A) mitochondrion B) nucleoid C) nucleus D) plasmid Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 27.1 7) The following table depicts characteristics of five prokaryotic species (A-E). Use the information in the table to answer the following question. Trait Species A Species B Plasmid R None Gram Staining Results Variable Variable Nutritional Chemohetero- ChemoautoMode troph troph Aerobic methanotroph (obtains Specialized carbon and Metabolic energy from Anaerobic Pathways methane) methanogen Internal membranes Other FeaturesFimbriae

Species C R

Species D F

Species E None

Negative Negative Negative Chemohetero- Chemohetero- Photoautotroph troph troph Anaerobic nitrogen fixation and Anaerobic Anaerobic aerobic butanolic lactic acid photosystems fermentation fermentation I and II Flagellum

Pili

Thylakoids

Which two species should have much more phospholipid, in the form of bilayers, in their cytoplasms than most other bacteria? A) species A and B B) species A and C C) species B and E D) species C and D Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.1

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8) The following table depicts characteristics of five prokaryotic species (A-E). Use the information in the table to answer the following question. Trait Species A Species B Plasmid R None Gram Staining Variable Variable Results Nutritional Chemohetero- ChemoautoMode troph troph Aerobic methanotroph (obtains Specialized carbon and energy from Anaerobic Metabolic methanogen methane) Pathways Internal Other FeaturesFimbriae membranes

Species C R

Species D F

Species E None

Negative Negative Negative Chemohetero- Chemohetero- Photoautotroph troph troph Anaerobic nitrogen fixation and aerobic Anaerobic Anaerobic photosystems butanolic lactic acid fermentation fermentation I and II Flagellum

Pili

Which species is capable of directed movement? A) species A B) species B C) species C D) species D Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.1

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Thylakoids

9) The following table depicts characteristics of five prokaryotic species (A-E). Use the information in the table to answer the following question. Trait Species A Species B Plasmid R None Gram Staining Variable Variable Results Nutritional Chemohetero- ChemoautoMode troph troph Aerobic methanotroph (obtains Specialized carbon and Metabolic energy from Anaerobic Pathways methanogen methane) Internal Other FeaturesFimbriae membranes

Species C R

Species D F

Species E None

Negative Negative Negative Chemohetero- Chemohetero- Photoautotroph troph troph Anaerobic nitrogen fixation and Anaerobic Anaerobic aerobic butanolic lactic acid photosystems fermentation fermentation I and II Flagellum

Pili

Thylakoids

How many of these species probably have a cell wall that consists partly of an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide? A) only one species B) two species C) three species D) four species Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.1 10) Which of the following observations about flagella is accurate and is consistent with the scientific conclusion that the flagella from eukaryotes and bacteria evolved independently? A) The flagella of both eukaryotes and bacteria are made of the same protein, but the configuration is different. B) The mechanics of movement and protein structure are the same in these flagella, but there are significant genetic differences. C) Although the mechanism of movement in both flagella is the same, the protein that accomplishes the movement is different. D) The protein structure and the mechanism of movement in eukaryotes flagella are different from those of bacteria flagella. Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.1

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11) Which of the following observations about flagella is accurate and is consistent with the scientific conclusion that the flagella from archaea and bacteria evolved independently? A) The flagella of the two groups differ in size. B) The protein structures in the flagella are different. C) The mechanisms of rotation are similar. D) Both groups have flagella like those found in eukaryotes. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 27.1 12) In a bacterium that possesses antibiotic resistance and the potential to persist through very adverse conditions, such as freezing, drying, or high temperatures, DNA should be located within, or be part of, which structures? A) nucleoid, fimbriae, and plasmids B) endospore, fimbriae, and plasmids C) fimbriae, nucleoid, and endospore D) plasmids, nucleoid, and endospore Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.1 13) If a bacterium regenerates from an endospore that did not possess any of the plasmids that were contained in its original parent cell, the regenerated bacterium will probably also lack ________. A) antibiotic-resistant genes B) a cell wall C) a chromosome D) water in its cytoplasm Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.2 14) Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic that targets prokaryotic (70S) ribosomes, but not eukaryotic (80S) ribosomes. Which of these questions stems from this observation, plus an understanding of eukaryotic origins? A) Can chloramphenicol also be used to control human diseases that are caused by archaeans? B) Can chloramphenicol pass through the capsules possessed by many cyanobacteria? C) If chloramphenicol inhibits prokaryotic ribosomes, should it not also inhibit mitochondrial ribosomes? D) Why aren't prokaryotic ribosomes identical to eukaryotic ribosomes? Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation Section: 27.1

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15) Termites eat wood, but many do not produce enzymes themselves that will digest the cellulose in the wood. Instead, some termites house a complex community of protozoa, bacteria, and archaea that could help digest the cellulose. Imagine an experiment that fed termites either wood only or wood and antibiotics, and then measured the amount of energy extracted from the wood. If both groups gained equal amounts of energy, which of the conclusions is the most logical? A) We would conclude that the protozoa contributed to digestion of cellulose and lignin. B) We would conclude that the archaea contributed to digestion of cellulose and lignin. C) We would conclude that the bacteria did not contribute to digestion of cellulose and lignin. D) We would conclude that none of the three groups were needed to digest cellulose and lignin. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation Section: 27.1 16) The following question refers to the figure. In this eight-year experiment, 12 populations of E. coli, each begun from a single cell, were grown in low-glucose conditions for 20,000 generations. Each culture was introduced to fresh growth medium every 24 hours. Occasionally, samples were removed from the populations, and their fitness in low-glucose conditions was tested against that of members sampled from the ancestral (common ancestor) E. coli population.

The cells in the 12 cell lines grown in low-glucose conditions showed the effects of which of the following processes? A) gene flow and genetic drift B) natural selection and mutation C) natural selection and gene flow D) conjugation and transformation Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation Section: 27.2

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17) The following question refers to the figure. In this eight-year experiment, 12 populations of E. coli, each begun from a single cell, were grown in low-glucose conditions for 20,000 generations. Each culture was introduced to fresh growth medium every 24 hours. Occasionally, samples were removed from the populations, and their fitness in low-glucose conditions was tested against that of members sampled from the ancestral (common ancestor) E. coli population.

Imagine that after generation 20,000, the experimental cells were grown in high-glucose conditions for 20,000 generations (using the same transfer process described). Refer to the y-axis on the graph and predict the fitness of the new lines when tested in low- and high-glucose conditions. A) low: 1.0; high: 1.0 B) low: 1.6; high: 1.6 C) low: 1.0; high: 1.6 D) low: 1.6; high: 1.0 Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation Section: 27.2

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18) Use the following information and graph to answer the question. The figure below depicts changes to the amount of DNA present in a recipient cell that is engaged in conjugation with an Hfr cell. Hfr cell DNA begins entering the recipient cell at Time A. Assume that reciprocal crossing over occurs (in other words, a fragment of the recipient's chromosome is exchanged for a homologous fragment from the Hfr cell's DNA).

What process is occurring at Time C that is decreasing the DNA content? A) crossing over B) cytokinesis C) degradation of DNA that was not retained in the recipient's chromosome D) reversal of the direction of conjugation Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.2

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19) Use the following information and graph to answer the question. The figure below depicts changes to the amount of DNA present in a recipient cell that is engaged in conjugation with an Hfr cell. Hfr cell DNA begins entering the recipient cell at Time A. Assume that reciprocal crossing over occurs (in other words, a fragment of the recipient's chromosome is exchanged for a homologous fragment from the Hfr cell's DNA).

How is the recipient cell different at Time D than it was at Time A? A) It has a greater number of genes. B) It has a greater mass of DNA. C) It has a different sequence of base pairs. D) It contains bacteriophage DNA. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.2

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20) Use the following information and graph to answer the question. The figure below depicts changes to the amount of DNA present in a recipient cell that is engaged in conjugation with an Hfr cell. Hfr cell DNA begins entering the recipient cell at Time A. Assume that reciprocal crossing over occurs (in other words, a fragment of the recipient's chromosome is exchanged for a homologous fragment from the Hfr cell's DNA).

Which two processes are responsible for the shape of the curve at Time B? A) transduction and rolling circle replication of single-stranded Hfr DNA B) entry of single-stranded Hfr DNA and rolling circle replication of single-stranded Hfr DNA C) rolling circle replication of single-stranded Hfr DNA and activation of DNA pumps in the plasma membrane D) transduction and activation of DNA pumps in the plasma membrane Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation Section: 27.2

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21) Use the following information and graph to answer the question. The figure below depicts changes to the amount of DNA present in a recipient cell that is engaged in conjugation with an Hfr cell. Hfr cell DNA begins entering the recipient cell at Time A. Assume that reciprocal crossing over occurs (in other words, a fragment of the recipient's chromosome is exchanged for a homologous fragment from the Hfr cell's DNA).

During which two times can the recipient accurately be described as "recombinant" due to the sequence of events portrayed in the figure? A) during times C and D B) during times A and C C) during times A and B D) during times B and D Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation Section: 27.2 22) A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining. It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium, even after being mixed with water and boiled. The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan. The cell also lacks F factors and F plasmids. Which of the following statements about the bacteria is most probably accurate? A) The bacterium cannot donate DNA through conjugation with another cell. B) The bacterium cannot take up DNA from its external environment. C) The bacterium cannot form an endospore. D) The bacterium cannot reproduce. Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.2

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23) The following table depicts characteristics of five prokaryotic species (A-E). Use the information in the table to answer the question. Trait Species A Species B Plasmid R None Gram Staining Variable Variable Results Nutritional Chemohetero- ChemoautoMode troph troph Aerobic methanotroph (obtains Specialized carbon and energy from Anaerobic Metabolic methanogen methane) Pathways Internal Other FeaturesFimbriae membranes

Species C R

Species D F

Species E None

Negative Negative Negative Chemohetero- Chemohetero- Photoautotroph troph troph Anaerobic nitrogen fixation and aerobic Anaerobic Anaerobic photosystems butanolic lactic acid fermentation fermentation I and II Flagellum

Pili

Thylakoids

Species D is pathogenic if it gains access to the human intestine. Which other species, if it coinhabited a human intestine along with species D, is most likely to become a recombinant species that is both pathogenic and resistant to some antibiotics? A) species A B) species B C) species C D) species E Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.2

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24) The following table depicts characteristics of five prokaryotic species (A-E). Use the information in the table to answer the question. Trait Species A Species B Plasmid R None Gram Staining Variable Variable Results Nutritional Chemohetero- ChemoautoMode troph troph Aerobic methanotroph (obtains Specialized carbon and energy from Anaerobic Metabolic methanogen methane) Pathways Internal Other FeaturesFimbriae membranes

Species C R

Species D F

Species E None

Negative Negative Negative Chemohetero- Chemohetero- Photoautotroph troph troph Anaerobic nitrogen fixation and aerobic Anaerobic Anaerobic photosystems butanolic lactic acid fermentation fermentation I and II Flagellum

Pili

Which species might include cells that are Hfr cells? A) species A B) species B C) species C D) species D Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.2

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Thylakoids

25) The following question refers to the figure. In this eight-year experiment, 12 populations of E. coli, each begun from a single cell, were grown in low-glucose conditions for 20,000 generations. Each culture was i...