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Tuesday, August 30, 2016

Chapter 27 Outline The Post-Cold War World - A New World Order? • George H. W. Bush's first major foreign policy action was the overthrow of General Manuel Antonio Noriega of Panama.

- The Gulf War • Bush intervened when Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait in 1990. • The Gulf War was the first post–Cold War international crisis. - Visions of America's Role • Bush identified the Gulf War as the first step in the struggle to create a world based on democracy and global free trade.

- The Election of Clinton • The economy slipped into recession in 1991, and Bill Clinton took advantage to win the election. - A charismatic campaigner, Clinton conveyed sincere concern for voters' economic anxieties. • A third candidate, the eccentric Texas billionaire Ross Perot, also entered the fray. - Clinton in Office • During his first two years in office, Clinton turned away from some of the social and economic policies of the Reagan and Bush years.

• Clinton shared his predecessor's passion for free trade. - North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) • The major policy initiative of Clinton's first term was a plan to address the rising cost of health care and the increasing number of Americans who lacked health insurance.

- The plan would have provided universal coverage through large groupings of organizations like the health maintenance organizations (HMOs).

- It was attacked by doctors, health insurance companies, and drug companies. - The "Freedom Revolution" • In 1994, for the first time since the 1950s, Republicans won control of both houses of Congress. - Newt Gingrich and the Contract with America • Viewing their electoral triumph as an endorsement of the contract, Republicans moved swiftly to implement its provisions.

- Clinton's Political Strategy • Clinton rebuilt his popularity by campaigning against a radical Congress. • Clinton signed into law a Republican bill that abolished the program of Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC).

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Tuesday, August 30, 2016 • Triangulation meant that Clinton embraced the most popular Republican policies, such as welfare reform, while leaving his opponents with extreme positions unpopular among suburban middle-class voters, such as hostility to abortion rights and environmental protection.

• Clinton easily defeated Republican Bob Dole in the presidential contest of 1996, becoming the first Demo crat elected to two terms since FDR.

- Clinton and World Affairs • Clinton took steps to encourage the settlement of long-standing international conflicts and tried to elevate support for human rights to a central place in international relations.

• The Oslo agreement brought temporary peace between Israel and Palestine. • Like Carter, Clinton found it difficult to balance concern for human rights with strategic and economic interests. - Rwanda - The Balkan Crisis • The most complex foreign policy crisis of the Clinton years arose from the disintegration of Yugoslavia. • With the Cold War over, protection of human rights in the Balkans gave the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) a new purpose.

- Human Rights • Human rights emerged as justification for interventions in matters once considered to be the internal affairs of sovereign nations.

Globalization and Its Discontents - The Computer Revolution • Computers and the Internet produced a new economy. • Microchips made possible the development of entirely new consumer products. • The computer transformed American life. • The Internet expanded the flow of information and communications more radically than any invention since the printing press.

- The Stock Market Boom and Bust • In the United States, economic growth and talk of a new economy sparked a frenzied boom in the stock market reminiscent of the 1920s.

• Investors were especially attracted to the new dot coms, companies that conducted business via the Internet and seemed to symbolize the promise of the new economy.

• The bubble burst on April 14, 2000, when stocks suffered their largest one-day drop in history. - The Enron Syndrome • Only after the market dropped did it become apparent that the stock boom of the 1990s had been fueled in part by fraud.

- Enron - Fruits of Deregulation

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Tuesday, August 30, 2016 • The sectors of the economy most affected by the scandals—energy, telecommunications, and stock trading— had all been subjects of deregulation.

• Many corporate criminals were found guilty and had to serve prison terms and/or pay billions in compensation. • Many stock frauds stemmed from the repeal in 1999 of the Glass-Steagall Act, a New Deal measure that had separated commercial banks from investment banks.

- Rising Inequality • The boom that began in 1995 benefited nearly all Americans. - However, overall, during the last two decades of the twentieth century, the poor and middle class became worse off while the rich became significantly richer.

• The economy, in large part due to NAFTA, continued its shift away from manufacturers. • High-tech firms did not create enough high paying jobs to compensate.

Culture Wars - The Newest Immigrants • Because of shifts in immigration, cultural and racial diversity became increasingly visible in the United States. • As in the past, most immigrants became urban residents. • Post-1965 immigration formed part of the worldwide uprooting of labor arising from globalization. • For the first time in American history, women made up the majority of newcomers. - The New Diversity • Latinos formed the largest single immigrant group. • Between 1990 and 2010, 30 million Hispanics had been added to the American population. • Latino communities remained far poorer than the rest of the country. • Only after 1965 did immigration from Asia assume large proportions. - The Changing Face of Black America • Between 1970 and 2000, twice as many Africans immigrated to the United States than had entered during the entire period of the Atlantic slave trade.

• Most African-Americans remained in a more precarious situation than whites or many recent immigrants. • Despite the nation's growing racial diversity, school segregation was on the rise. - The Spread of Imprisonment • African-Americans, compared to other Americans, had an extremely high rate of imprisonment. • As the prison population grew, a "prison industrial complex" emerged. - Convict labor - The Burden of Imprisonment • Over one-quarter of all African-American men could expect to serve time in prison at some time during their lives.

• African-Americans were also more likely than whites to suffer execution.

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Tuesday, August 30, 2016 • The continuing frustration of urban African-Americans exploded in 1992. - Rodney King - The Continuing Rights Revolution • In 1990, newly organized disabled Americans won passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act. • The campaign for gay rights continued to gain momentum in the 1990s. - AIDS - Native Americans in the New Century • The Native American population reached 4 million in the 2000 census, reflecting not only natural population growth but also an increased pride in identifying themselves as such to census enumerators.

• Many Native American tribes have profited from casinos on their lands. - Multiculturalism • "Multiculturalism" was a term to celebrate group differences and demand group recognition. • One sign of multiculturalism could be seen in the spread of academic programs dealing with specific groups. - The Identity Debate • Conservatives, and some traditional liberals as well, decried "identity politics" and multiculturalism for undermining a common sense of nationhood.

• Increased cultural diversity and changes in educational policy inspired harsh debates. - Cultural Conservatism • The culture wars were battles over moral values that raged throughout the 1990s. - Pat Robertson and the Christian Coalition • It sometimes appeared during the 1990s that the country was refighting old battles between traditional religion and modern secular culture.

- Family Values in Retreat • The census of 2000 showed family values increasingly in disarray. • Casey v. Planned Parenthood of Pennsylvania reaffirmed a woman's right to terminate a pregnancy. - The Antigovernment Extreme • At the radical fringe of conservatism, the belief that the federal government posed a threat to American freedom led to the creation of private militias that armed themselves to fend off oppressive authority.

- Gun owner ship • An Oklahoma federal building was bombed by Timothy McVeigh in 1995.

Impeachment and the Election of 2000 - The Impeachment of Clinton • In the 1980s and 1990s scrutiny of politicians' private lives became far more intense than in the past. • From the day he took office, charges of misconduct bedeviled Clinton.

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Tuesday, August 30, 2016 - Whitewater - Paula Jones - Monica Lewinsky - The Disputed Election • The 2000 election was between Al Gore and George W. Bush. • The election proved to be one of the closest in the nation's history. - Florida • It fell to Supreme Court justices to decide the outcome. • The most remarkable thing about the election of 2000 was not so much its controversial ending as the even division of the country it revealed.

- A Challenged Democracy • Coming at the end of the de cade of democracy, the 2000 election revealed troubling features of the American political system at the end of the twentieth century.

• Evidence abounded in 2000 of a broad disengagement from public life.

The Attacks of September 11

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