Chapter 28 PDF

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Exam Name___________________________________

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Figure 28.1

Using Figure 28.1, match the following: 1) Liver. Answer: D 2) Esophagus. Answer: A 3) Trachea. Answer: B 4) Stomach. Answer: C 5) Pancreas. Answer: E

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Figure 28.2

Using Figure 28.2, match the following:

6) Protective water- filled embryonic sac surrounding the embryo. Answer: C 7) Extraembryonic membrane that develops from the trophoblast and some extraembryonic mesoderm, and forms part of the placenta. Answer: B 8) Site of early blood cell production, and forms part of the gut (digestive tube). Answer: D 9) The part of the endometrium destined to be a part of the placenta. Answer: A 10) The part of the endometrium that surrounds the uterine cavity face of the implanted embryo. Answer: E

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MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.

Match the following: 11) Leads to the development of a morula and then a blastocyst. Answer: C

A) Implantation B) Gastrulation

12) Embedding of the blastocyst in the uterine wall. Answer: A

C) Cleavage D) Fertilization

13) Leads to the formation of the first cell of the new individual.

E) Capacitation

Answer: D 14) Leads to the establishment of the three primary germ layers. Answer: B 15) Leads to enhancement of sperm motility and increasing membrane fragility to enable enzyme release from acrosomes. Answer: E Match the following: 16) Forms the mother's part of the placenta. Answer: D

A) Morula B) Inner cell mass

17) Becomes the embryonic disc.

C) Trophoblast

Answer: B D) Decidua basalis 18) A solid sphere of undifferentiated cells.

E) Decidua capsularis

Answer: A 19) Forms the chorion. Answer: C 20) Surrounds the uterine cavity face of the implanted embryo. Answer: E TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

21) True fertilization occurs when the sperm's membrane binds to the oocyte's sperm- binding receptors. Answer:

True

False

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22) The period from fertilization through week eight is called the embryonic period. Answer:

True

False

23) Fertilization occurs while the egg is still in the ovarian follicle. Answer:

True

False

24) Freshly deposited sperm are not immediately capable of penetrating an oocyte. Answer:

True

False

25) By 72 hours after fertilization, the egg has divided into more than 160 cells and is called the morula. Answer:

True

False

26) Implantation begins six to seven days after ovulation. Answer:

True

False

27) A pregnancy test involves antibodies that detect growth hormone (GH) levels in a woman's blood or urine. Answer:

True

False

28) By the end of the embryonic period, at 8 weeks, all the adult organ systems are recognizable. Answer:

True

False

29) Of the three germ layers, the mesoderm forms the most body parts. Answer:

True

False

30) A pregnant woman urinates more often than usual because the uterus compresses the bladder, her metabolic rate and blood volume are increased, and she must also dispose of fetal metabolic wastes. Answer:

True

False

31) The "fluid- filled, hollow ball of cells" stage of development is the blastocyst. Answer:

True

False

32) The embryonic period lasts until the end of the eighth week. Answer:

True

False

33) The embryo is directly enclosed in and protected by the amnion. Answer:

True

False

34) In fetal circulation, one way in which blood bypasses the nonfunctional lungs is by way of the foramen ovale. Answer:

True

False

35) An episiotomy is an incision made to widen the vaginal orifice, aiding fetal expulsion. Answer:

True

False

36) Humans do not have a yolk sac associated with embryonic development. Answer:

True

False

37) Human placental lactogen initiates labor. Answer:

True

False

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38) Premature infants often need to be placed on a ventilator because their undeveloped lungs produce excess surfactant. Answer:

True

False

39) A blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells, while the morula is a solid ball of cells. Answer:

True

False

40) A zygote is usually formed within the uterus. Answer:

True

False

41) Acrosomal enzymes trigger exocytosis of cortical granules in the cortical reaction. Answer:

True

False

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

42) What destroys the zona pellucida sperm- binding receptors? A) the acrosomal reaction B) human placental lactogen C) the process of capacitation D) zonal inhibiting proteins Answer: D 43) The result of polyspermy in humans is ________. A) interruption of meiosis C) multiple births

B) mitotic insufficiency D) a nonfunctional zygote

Answer: D 44) It is impossible for sperm to be functional (able to fertilize the egg) until after ________. A) they become spermatids B) they have been stored in the uterus for several days C) the tail disappears D) they undergo capacitation Answer: D 45) Milk ejection (the letdown reflex) is stimulated by which of the following hormones associated with pregnancy? A) gonadotropin B) prolactin C) oxytocin D) inhibin Answer: C 46) The corpus luteum prevents loss of the implanted embryo through menstruation by secreting ________. A) human chorionic gonadotropin B) estrogens and progesterone C) luteinizing hormone D) follicle- stimulating hormone Answer: B 47) The placenta, a vitally important metabolic organ, is made up of a contribution from mother and fetus. Which portion is from the fetus? A) umbilicus B) amnion C) yolk sac D) chorion Answer: D 48) Relaxin is a hormone produced by the placenta and ovaries. The function of this hormone is to ________. A) ensure the implantation of the blastula B) block the pain of childbirth C) prevent morning sickness D) relax the pubic symphysis Answer: D 5

49) Which embryonic structure produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)? A) the cytotrophoblast B) the syncytiotrophoblast C) the hypoblast D) the epiblast Answer: B 50) The neonatal period refers to ________. A) the first year after birth C) the first month after birth

B) the last trimester of pregnancy D) the first trimester of pregnancy

Answer: C 51) The most common assisted reproductive technology process used by couples having difficulty conceiving is _______. A) cloning of parent stem cells B) hormone therapy C) in vitro fertilization D) artificial insemination Answer: C 52) Which hormone maintains the viability of the corpus luteum? A) estrogen B) human chorionic gonadotropin C) human placental lactogen D) progesterone Answer: B 53) Which of the following events does NOT occur during the first 8 weeks of development? A) myelination of the spinal cord B) presence of all body systems C) beginning of ossification D) formation of a functional cardiovascular system Answer: A 54) Which of the following is NOT a correct matching of a fetal structure with what it becomes at birth? A) umbilical arteries–medial umbilical ligaments B) ductus arteriosus–ligamentum teres C) foramen ovale–fossa ovalis D) ductus venosus–ligamentum venosum Answer: B 55) Which body system of a pregnant woman undergoes the most dramatic physiological changes during pregnancy? A) cardiovascular system B) urinary system C) respiratory system D) digestive system Answer: A 56) Thalidomide was once used to treat intense nausea and morning sickness in pregnant women. Unfortunately, if administered at certain points during gestation it resulted in limb malformation. This drug is an example of a(n) ________. A) neurotoxin B) teratogen C) endocrine disruptor D) carcinogen Answer: B 57) The correct sequence of preembryonic structures is ________. A) blastocyst, morula, zygote B) morula, zygote, blastocyst C) zygote, blastocyst, morula D) zygote, morula, blastocyst Answer: D

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58) Which of the following is NOT assessed as part of the Apgar score? A) heart rate B) temperature C) muscle tone

D) respiration

Answer: B 59) Prior to the let- down reflex, the mammary glands secrete a yellowish fluid called ________ that has less lactose than milk and almost no fat. A) bilirubin B) colostrum C) meconium D) prolactin Answer: B 60) How long is the secondary oocyte viable and capable of being fertilized after it is ovulated? A) 24- 36 hours B) 36- 72 hours C) 12- 24 hours D) a full week Answer: C 61) Select the correct statement about fertilization. A) Millions of sperm cells are destroyed by the vagina's acidic environment. B) If estrogen is present, the pathway through the cervical opening is blocked from sperm entry. C) Both spermatozoa and the ovulated secondary oocyte remain viable for about 72 hours in the female reproductive tract. D) Once inside the uterus, most sperm cells are protected and remain viable. Answer: A 62) Shortly after implantation, ________. A) the trophoblast forms two distinct layers B) the embryo gastrulates (within 3 days) C) myometrial cells cover and seal off the blastocyst D) maternal blood sinuses bathe the inner cell mass Answer: A 63) Gastrulation begins when a groove with raised edges called the ________ appears on the dorsal surface of the embryonic disc. A) spinal cord B) primitive streak C) notochord D) placenta Answer: B 64) Muscle tissue is formed by the ________. A) ectoderm B) endoderm

C) epiderm

D) mesoderm

C) ectoderm

D) epiderm

Answer: D 65) Neural tissue is formed by the ________. A) endoderm B) mesoderm Answer: C 66) The trophoblast is mostly responsible for forming the ________. A) placental tissue B) allantois C) archenteron D) lining of the endometrium Answer: A

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67) The cardiovascular system of a newborn must be adjusted after the infant takes its first breath. Which of the following is also true? A) The ductus arteriosus constricts and is converted to the ligamentum arteriosum. B) The ductus venosus is disconnected at the severing of the umbilical cord and all visceral blood goes into the vena cava. C) The foramen ovale between the atria of the fetal heart closes at the moment of birth. D) The urinary system is activated at birth. Answer: A 68) Sperm move to the uterine tube through uterine contractions and the energy of their own flagella. What other factor is involved in sperm movement? A) the cilia on the apex of the cells lining the endometrium B) hormonal attraction to the ova C) the increased temperature in the vagina, which stimulates sperm motility D) reverse peristalsis of the uterus and uterine tubes Answer: D 69) At which stage of labor is the "afterbirth" expelled? A) placental B) expulsion

C) full dilation

D) dystocia

Answer: A 70) Which hormone is NOT produced by the placenta? A) relaxin C) human chorionic gonadotropin

B) oxytocin D) human placental lactogen

Answer: B 71) During which stage of labor is the fetus delivered? A) placental stage B) expulsion stage

C) gastrula stage

D) dilation stage

Answer: B 72) Implantation of the blastocyst is the result of all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) phagocytosis by the trophoblast cells B) settling of the blastocyst onto the prepared uterine lining C) digestive enzymes and growth factors produced by the trophoblast cells D) adherence of the trophoblast cells to the endometrium Answer: A 73) The presence of endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm is first seen in the ________ stage. A) gastrula B) blastocyst C) morula

D) fetal

Answer: A 74) Which of the following is true in reference to what may pass through the placental barriers? A) hormones, blood cells, and nutrients B) nutrients and respiratory gases only C) nutrients, respiratory gases, wastes, and alcohol D) respiratory gases, hormones, nutrients, and blood cells Answer: C

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75) Drinking alcohol during pregnancy is ________. A) not significantly harmful, since alcohol does not cross the placenta B) only harmful to the fetus if the mother drinks hard liquor C) beneficial to the fetus, as it stimulates cardiovascular development D) associated with microencephaly and intellectual disorders of the fetus Answer: D 76) Derivatives of the mesoderm include ________. A) glandular derivatives of the digestive tract C) epithelium of the digestive tract

B) vertebrae and ribs D) all nervous tissue

Answer: B 77) Derivatives of the endoderm include ________. A) brain and spinal cord C) kidneys and gonads

B) heart and blood vessels D) epithelial lining of the respiratory tract

Answer: D 78) Which of the choices below occurs if implantation is successful? A) Increased levels of FSH will be produced. B) The corpus luteum degenerates and becomes the corpus albicans. C) The corpus luteum is maintained until the placenta takes over its hormone- producing functions. D) The ovarian cycle begins. Answer: C 79) Select the correct statement about the special fetal blood vessels. A) The hepatic portal vein forms from the umbilical artery. B) The distal parts of the umbilical arteries form the superior vesical arteries. C) The umbilical vein becomes the ligamentum teres. D) The fossa ovalis becomes the foramen ovale. Answer: C 80) The decidua basalis is ________. A) not a maternal contribution to the placenta B) destined to remain in the uterus after the birth of the infant C) the part of the endometrium that lies beneath the embryo D) the tissue that surrounds the uterine cavity face of the implanted embryo Answer: C 81) At what point is meiosis II completed for the female gamete? A) implantation B) fertilization C) ovulation

D) puberty

Answer: B 82) A urine test reveals a positive result for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). This indicates ________ was successful. A) implantation B) fertilization C) ovulation D) gastrulation Answer: A 83) The first major event in organogenesis is ________. A) myelination B) gastrulation

C) ossification

Answer: D

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D) neurulation

84) As pregnancy continues, the increasing bulkiness of the anterior abdomen changes the woman's center of gravity, possibly causing an accentuated lumbar curvature called ________. A) hunchback B) kyphosis C) scoliosis D) lordosis Answer: D 85) Which of the following would be the best method for delaying the onset of labor? A) giving the mother oxytocin B) giving the mother antiprostaglandin drugs C) giving the mother anti progesterone drugs D) giving the mother prostaglandins Answer: B 86) Which of the following refers to the transfer of sperm and harvested oocytes together into the woman's uterine tubes in the hopes that fertilization will take place there? A) zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) B) in vitro fertilization (IVF) C) rhythm method D) gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) Answer: D 87) In the block to polyspermy, entry of the sperm's contents causes ________ levels in the oocyte's cytoplasm to rise, triggering the cortical reaction. A) phosphate ion B) sodium ion C) calcium ion D) ATP Answer: C 88) Which method of contraception is most reliable? A) vasectomy C) morning- after pills

B) cervical cap D) rhythm method

Answer: A 89) Cells of the ________ gather around the notochord and neural tube and produce the vertebra and rib at their associated level. A) myotome B) sclerotome C) dermatome D) intermediate mesoderm Answer: B 90) A friend confides that she desires to have children but is having trouble conceiving. Which of the following is true regarding implantation? A) In cases where implantation fails to occur, a nonreceptive uterus becomes receptive once again. B) An estimated 60% of implanted embryos later miscarry due to genetic defects of the embryo. C) Detection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in blood or urine indicates failure of the blastocyst to implant. D) It is estimated that a minimum of two- thirds of all zygotes formed fail to implant by the end of the first week or spontaneously abort. Answer: D 91) Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is at its highest levels ________. A) just before birth B) about 2 months after implantation during the 8th gestational week C) after copulation but before implantation D) at about the midpoint of pregnancy Answer: B

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SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

92) Explain what triggers a baby's first breath. Answer: A buildup of carbon dioxide in the baby's blood once the carbon dioxide is not being removed by the placenta causes central acidosis. This excites respiratory control centers in the baby's brain and triggers the first inspiration. 93) At what time in the pregnancy is the placenta fully prepared to fulfill the needs of the developing fetus? Answer: The placenta is fully formed and functional as a nutritive, respiratory, excretory, and endocrine organ by the end of the third month of pregnancy. 94) Briefly describe the events leading to the implantation of the blastocyst in the uterus, including how it is nourished. Answer: The blastocyst floats freely in the uterine cavity for two to three days, during which time it is nourished by uterine secretions. Six to seven days after ovulation, implantation begins. The trophoblast determines the readiness of the endometrium for implantation. If the mucosa is prepared for implantation, the blastocyst becomes embedded high in the uterus. 95) How are the metabolic needs of the implanted embryo provided for? Answer: Initially, the implanted embryo obtains nutrition by digesting the endometrial cells, but by the second month, the placenta is providing all the nourishment and oxygen the embryo requires. The placenta is also responsible for disposing of embryonic metabolic wastes. 96) Describe the events of the oocyte from sperm penetration to first cleavage. Answer: After sperm penetration, the secondary oocyte completes meiosis II and releases the second polar body. The two nuclei swell into pronuclei and join each other to form a zygote. The cell then undergoes its first mitosis and cell division to form two daughter cells. 97) Define Braxton Hicks contractions. Answer: Braxton Hicks contractions are the weak, irregular uterine contractions resulting from the increase in estrogen production. Estrogen causes oxytocin receptors to form on the myometrial cells of the uterus and antagonizes progesterone's quieting influence on the uterine muscle. As a result, the myometrium becomes increasingly irritable, resulting in weak, irregular contractions. 98) List four factors that help to precipitate parturition (birth). Answer: Four factors that help to precipitate parturition include: (1) estrogens peak to their highest levels in the mother's blood, causing irregular uterine contractions due to oxytocin and negation of progesterone's influence on the uterine muscle; (2) prostaglandins are stimulated by the increase in oxytocin to act as uterine muscle stimulants; (3) increasing emotional and physical stressors activate the mother's hypothalamus, which signals oxytocin release; and (4) certain cells of the fetus begin to produce oxytocin which in turn a...