Chapter 3 Biological Foundations of Behavior PDF

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Biological Foundations of Behavior Tuesday, September 26, 2017

2:46 PM

• Neuroscience ○ Study of the body's electrochemical communication circuitry • Nervous System ○ Complex ○ Integrated ○ Adaptable (plasticity - adaptable, moldable, bend, shape) ○ Electrochemical transmission

• Afferent: carry information towards the brain • Efferent: carry information away from the brain and spinal cord • Nervous System (NS): Divisions ○ Central (CNS) ▪ Brain and spinal cord ○ Peripheral (PNS) ▪ Somatic NS □ Sensory nerves (smell, touch, etc.) □ Motor nerves: muscular activity (movement) ▪ Autonomic NS: internal organs □ Sympathetic NS: arouses □ Parasympathetic NS: calms • Cells ○ Glial Cells ▪ Provide support and nutrition ○ Neurons (about 100 billion in brain) ▪ Information processing □ Computing and communicating ▪ Mirror neurons (in primates) □ Imitation, social perception • Neural Impulse (1 of 2) ○ Negatively + positively charged ions ○ Polarization (imbalance in charges) ○ Resting Potential

• Neural Impulse (2 of 2) ○ Semipermeable membrane ○ Ion channels ○ Depolarization (ion channels open) ○ Threshold ○ Action potential (ion exchange sweeps along length of axon) ○ All-or-none principle • Synapses and neurotransmitters ○ Synaptic Transmission ▪ Electrical impulse is converted into a chemical signal ▪ Axon vesicle releases neurotransmitter into gap ▪ Dendrite receptor site detects neurotransmitter

• Neurotransmitters (1 of 12) ○ Neurotransmitters carry information across the synaptic gap to the next neuron. ▪ Acetylcholine

□ Muscle actions, learning, memory □ Black widow venom > ach levels □ Botox < ach levels □ Alzheimer's disease > ach levels ▪ GABA □ Anxiety < GABA levels...