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CHAPTER 3 Chapter 3 is titled “Suffixes” in The Language of Medicine textbook. Combining Forms: For the terminology regarding the combining forms, you need to know all of them listed in your textbook:     

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abdomin/o means abdomen acr/o means extremities, top, extreme point acu/o means sharp, severe, sudden aden/o means gland, but you don’t know which particular glad adip/o means fat o You will find we have actually 3 combining forms that all mean fat, in the future we will see lip/o, steat/o, and adip/o all mean fat, but for this chapter you need to know adpi/o means fat amni/o means amnion (the sac surrounding the embryo in the uterus) angi/o means vessel, be careful because we don’t know if it is an artery or a vein o If it was an artery it would be arteri/o, if it was a vein it would be phleb/o or ven/o, but what I am basically trying to say is that the combining form angi/o does not mean artery, it does not mean vein, it means vessel but we are not sure what type of vessel arteri/o means artery arthr/o means joint axill/o means armpit bi/o means life blephar/o means eyelid bronch/o means bronchial tubes carcin/o means cancer cardi/o means heart chem/o means drug, chemical chondr/o means cartilage chron/o means time col/o means large intestine which is the colon o We already learned that the combining form for small intestine is enter/o cyst/o means urinary bladder encephal/o specifically means the brain o Remember cephal/o means head. Don’t get those 2 confused. erythr/o means red hem/o means blood hepat/o means liver hydr/o means water or fluid

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inguin/o means groin isch/o means to hold back lapar/o means abdomen o So we have abdomin/o which means abdomen and lapar/o which means abdomen laryng/o means larynx leuk/o means white lymph/o means lymph mamm/o and mast/o both mean breast depending on what suffix is attached o Sometimes it is appropriate for mamm/o such as mammogram o Sometimes it is appropriate for mast/o such as mastectomy. morph/o means shape, form muc/o means mucus my/o means muscle o Don’t confuse that with myel/o myel/o means spinal cord, not spinal column o In addition to myel/o meanding spinal cord, it also means bone marrow o Two totally different things, but it depends on what suffix is attached necr/o means death o The opposite of necr/o would be bi/o which means life nephr/o means kidney o Remember ren/o also means kidney neur/o means nerve neutr/o means neutrophil nucle/o means nucleus ophthalm/o means eye oste/o means bone ot/o means ear, you will see later opt/o is eye o I am brining these up as we go through combining forms to try to point out those that students might get confused to help you avoid it, not to confuse you, but to help you compare and contrast path/o means disease, but it also means feeling so you will need to add that in your book peritone/o means peritoneum which is the lining of the abdominal wall phag/o means to eat, swallow phleb/o means vein, as well as ven/o plas/o means formation, development pleur/o means pleura pneumon/o means lungs but it can also mean air, and the way I remember this is if you go to the drive through at the bank, they have a pneumatic tube device where you can put your money in the tube, and it works off of compressed air, so that is where the term pneumatic, pertaining to air. o In other context, pneumon/o means lung.

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o Another combining form for lung is pulmon/o. pulmon/o means lungs radi/o means x-rays rect/o means rectum ren/o means kidney rhin/o means nose o nas/o also means nose sarc/o means flesh splen/o means spleen staphyl/o means clusters

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strept/o means twisted chains thorac/o means chest

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thromb/o means clot tonsill/o means tonsils trache/o means trachea which is your windpipe - part of your respiratory system ven/o means vein o Remember phleb/o also means vein as mentioned earlier

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Noun Suffixes: Moving onto suffixes. Here are some suffixes that are sort of an exception to the rule. Most of the time suffixes are adjectives and adverbs that further describe the root, but in this case these are some suffixes that are nouns. You need to know all of them listed in your textbook: 

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-algia which means pain o Example: arthralgia would be pain of the joint o Example: otalgia pain of the ear -cele means hernia -centesis means surgical puncture to remove fluid -coccus (singular) means berry shaped bacteria -cocci (plural) means berry shaped bacteria -cyte means cell -dynia means pain -ectomy means excision, removal, resection -emia means blood condition -genesis means condition of producing, forming -gram means record -graph means instrument for recording -graphy means the process of recording -itis means inflammation, not infection -logy means study of

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-lysis depending on how the term is structured, it can mean breakdown, destruction, or separation o Example: hemolysis, it refers to the breakdown of red blood cells or blood o If we looked at the work dialysis, dia- means thorough or complete, -lysis in that example would be separation so it just depends -malacia means softening -megaly means enlargement -oma means tumor, mass collection of fluid -opsy means to view -osis means condition, usually abnormal -pathy means disease condition -penia means deficiency -phobia means fear, but more descriptively an irrational fear, a fear that someone has that is irrational. -plasia means development, formation, growth -plasty means surgical repair -ptosis which means dropping, falling, or prolapse -rrhea means flow or discharge -sclerosis means hardening o So the opposite of -sclerosis is -malaica which is softening -scope means instrument for visual examination

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-scopy means process of visual examination (with an endoscope) -stasis means controlling, stopping

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-stomy means opening to form a mouth (stoma) -therapy means treatment -tomy means incision, cutting into -trophy means development, nourishment

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The following suffixes are shorter noun suffixes that are usually attached to roots in words:       

-er means one who o For example teacher, one who teaches -ia means condition -ist means specialist -ole and –ule mean little and small -um and-ium mean structure or tissue -us means structure, substance -y means condition, process

Adjective Suffixes: The following are adjective suffixes, all meaning pertaining to:        

-ac -iac -al -ar -ary -eal -genic -ic

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-ical -oid -ose -ous -tic

This concludes the material for this chapter. Again I want to encourage you to work through all the exercises on the following pages after the chapter including the Practical Applications, Exercises, , and Review Sheet. The Practical Applications section provides an opportunity for you to use your skill in understanding medical terms and to increase your knowledge of new terms. The Exercises section is designed to help you learn the terms presented in the chapter. Writing terms over and over again is a good way to study this new language. Your textbook also includes the answers for the Practical Applications and Exercises. The Pronunciation of Terms section is very helpful in that you are able to look at the pronunciation and try to make sure that you pronouncing the medical terms correctly, so hopefully you will be able to spell the terms correctly, and be able to communicate and converse with other allied health professionals. The Review Sheet is complete lists of the word elements contained in the chapter. They are designed to pull together the terminology and to reinforce your learning by giving you the opportunity to write the meanings of each word part in the spaces provided and to test yourself. All of these exercises will be very beneficial in helping you with your retention....