Chapter-3 - Summary Consumer Behaviour PDF

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Consumer Behavior, 11e (Solomon) Chapter 3 Cultural Influences on Consumer Decision-Making 1) Culture is best described as society's ________. A) attitude B) consciousness C) personality D) history Answer: C Diff: 1 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-1 AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments 2) Which functional area of culture is most closely related to the idea of a common worldview? A) ecology B) social structure C) ideology D) socio-psychology Answer: C Diff: 2 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-1 AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments 3) ________ usually dictate what is right or wrong, acceptable or unacceptable. A) Myths B) Theories C) Norms D) Rituals Answer: C Diff: 2 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-2

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4) Crescive norms are ________. A) strict "must do" rules of behavior in a society B) followed only by the females of a culture C) associated with monetary rewards and punishments D) subtle rules discovered as we interact with others Answer: D Diff: 2 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-2 5) We explicitly decide on ________ norms, such as the rule that a green traffic light means "go" and a red one means "stop." A) crescive B) enacted C) reciprocal D) ritualized Answer: B Diff: 2 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-2 AACSB: Application of knowledge 6) A ________ is a custom with a strong moral overtone. A) more B) superstition C) convention D) monomyth Answer: A Diff: 1 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-2 7) Interest in the occult is most likely to increase in a society when ________. A) economic conditions begin to improve B) there has been a major triumph, such as winning a war C) people feel overwhelmed or powerless D) people become less religious Answer: C Diff: 2 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-4 AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments 2 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8) A story containing symbolic elements that express the shared emotions and ideals of a culture is called a ________. A) norm B) ritual C) myth D) more Answer: C Diff: 1 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-5 9) Myths serve four interrelated functions in a culture. All of the following are among those functions EXCEPT the ________ function. A) cosmological B) sociological C) psychological D) anthropological Answer: D Diff: 2 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-5 10) ________ postulated that myths involve binary opposition, in which two opposing ends of some dimension are represented (such as good versus evil). A) Levi-Strauss B) Freud C) Hofstede D) Bettelheim Answer: A Diff: 3 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-5 11) A set of multiple symbolic behaviors that occur in a fixed sequence and tend to be repeated is called a ________. A) myth B) more C) ritual D) convention Answer: C Diff: 1 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-6 3 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

12) Brands that we closely link to our rituals are called ________ brands; once they become imbedded in our rituals we are unlikely to replace them. A) fighter B) fortress C) transcultural D) sacralized Answer: B Diff: 1 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-6 13) Grooming rituals express two kinds of binary opposition: private/public and ________. A) work/leisure B) self/others C) pride/modesty D) innocence/experience Answer: A Diff: 2 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-6 14) Researchers primarily see the gift-giving ritual as one of ________ exchange. A) transactional B) stylistic C) psychological D) economic Answer: D Diff: 2 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-6 15) Which of the following is NOT one of the three distinct stages of gift-giving rituals? A) convention B) gestation C) presentation D) reformulation Answer: A Diff: 2 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-6

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16) As a relationship grows and progresses, gift giving tends to become more ________. A) exchange oriented B) reciprocal C) altruistic D) reformulated Answer: C Diff: 2 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-6 17) A special ritual marking a person's change in social status is called a ________. A) convention B) sacralization C) cycle D) rite of passage Answer: D Diff: 1 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-6 18) ________ consumption occurs with objects and events that are considered to be ordinary and everyday. A) Profane B) Sacred C) Objectified D) Ritualized Answer: A Diff: 1 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-7 19) Through the process of ________, objects associated with sacred events or people become sacred in their own right. A) congregation B) reciprocity C) desacralization D) contamination Answer: D Diff: 1 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-7 AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments 5 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

20) The systematic acquisition of a particular object or set of objects is called ________. A) prioritizing B) hoarding C) collecting D) ritualizing Answer: C Diff: 1 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-7 21) When a sacred item or symbol is removed from its special place or is duplicated in mass quantities, then it becomes profane as a result of ________. A) sacralization B) desacralization C) defamation D) objectification Answer: B Diff: 1 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-7 AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments 22) It is quite common for mainstream culture to modify symbols identified with "cutting edge" subcultures and present these to a larger audience. Such cultural products undergo a process of ________, by which their original meanings are transformed by outsiders. A) innovation B) transformation C) diffusion D) cooptation Answer: D Diff: 1 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-3 AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments

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23) All of the following are subsystems in a culture production system EXCEPT ________. A) creative subsystem B) managerial subsystem C) marketing subsystem D) communications subsystem Answer: C Diff: 1 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-3 AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments 24) Products are winnowed out as they make their way down the path from conception to consumption, a process called ________. A) diffusion B) cooptation C) cultural selection D) cultural mapping Answer: C Diff: 1 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-3 25) Which of the following statements is most likely true about styles? A) A style typically starts in a large group of people as a safe but unique statement. B) Styles are often a reflection of more fundamental societal trends. C) Influential people play only a minor role in deciding which styles will succeed. D) Styles most often result from a deliberate statement from ordinary consumers that has been met by a rather spontaneous response from designers. Answer: B Diff: 2 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-3

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26) In the cultural production process, the people who control the flow of information between producers and customers are called ________. A) lead users B) cultural gatekeepers C) cultural transformers D) innovators Answer: B Diff: 1 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-3 AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments 27) Which of the following is an object that is admired strictly for its beauty or because it inspires an emotional reaction? A) an art product B) a reality-engineered product C) a craft product D) a trial product Answer: A Diff: 1 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-3 28) ________ occurs as marketers appropriate elements of popular culture and convert them for use as promotional vehicles. A) Reality engineering B) Crescive norming C) Desacralization D) Product placement Answer: A Diff: 1 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-4 AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments

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29) Promoters attempt to have their products shown prominently in full-length films. This type of promotion is referred to as ________. A) desacralization B) objectification C) product placement D) advertainment Answer: C Diff: 1 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-4 30) Which functional area is consistently a part of a cultural system? A) ecology B) anthropology C) psychology D) technology Answer: A Diff: 1 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-1 AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments 31) The aspect of a cultural system which describes the mental characteristics of a people and the way they relate to their environment and social groups is known as ________. A) ecology B) social structure C) ideology D) anthropology Answer: C Diff: 1 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-1 AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments

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32) The Japanese greatly value products that make efficient use of space because of the cramped conditions in urban areas in Japan. This is an example of ________ in Japan's cultural system. A) social structure B) ecology C) ideology D) dogma Answer: B Diff: 2 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-1 AACSB: Application of knowledge 33) What do we call the learning process when we learn the beliefs and behaviors endorsed by our own culture? A) acculturation B) enculturation C) immersion D) modeling Answer: B Diff: 1 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-2 34) Gen Akoi greatly values his micro-refrigerator. The refrigerator is so small it will fit almost anywhere. Gen believes that the efficient use of space is one of the characteristics any good product should have. With respect to the functional areas of a cultural system, Gen is focusing on ________ as a variable in selecting his products. A) ideology B) ecology C) social structure D) socio-psychology Answer: B Diff: 2 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Application Objective: 3-1 AACSB: Analytical thinking

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35) J. P. Stevens always looks perfect in his business suit. The colors are always right for the season and prevailing style. His tie has the proper knot, he does not wear a tie-tac, his handkerchief is the proper "two-fingers" above the pocket, and his socks and shoes do not distract from his overall look. Which of the following does J. P. seem to be adhering to with his "correctness"? A) enacted behaviors B) customs C) mores D) conventions Answer: D Diff: 2 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Application Objective: 3-1 AACSB: Analytical thinking 36) The story goes that George Washington (as a small child) cut down his father's cherry tree with a hatchet. When asked who might have committed this act (even though young Washington was afraid of punishment for the act), George replied, "I cannot tell a lie; I cut down the cherry tree." This story has taken on mythical proportions in the United States. Which of the following functions does this myth best match? A) metaphysical B) cosmological C) psychological D) anthropological Answer: C Diff: 2 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Application Objective: 3-5 AACSB: Application of knowledge 37) Pavel was an inventor. He read that there were several million people who could not sleep at night until they looked under the bed. He invented a light that could be put under a bed and went on automatically when someone looked there. Pavel's product is designed to help people perform a ________. A) ritual B) symbolic exchange C) convention D) rite of passage Answer: A Diff: 2 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Application Objective: 3-6 AACSB: Analytical thinking 11 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

38) Ralf and his brother had a business in a Midwest college town taking SUVs and modifying them into tailgating machines. These "awesome party wagons" were equipped with the owner's desired team logo on the front, side, and back; gas grills; and large beverage coolers. Their business boomed, especially when the university had a winning season. Ralf and his brother were creating and selling what could be best described as ________. A) myth carriers B) ritual artifacts C) symbolic exchange objects D) attitudinal reciprocity products Answer: B Diff: 2 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Application Objective: 3-6 AACSB: Analytical thinking 39) Sharon is upset with her secretary. Though everyone in the office agreed not to give Christmas presents this year, Sharon's secretary gave her an expensive bottle of perfume. Which of the following best identifies the source of Sharon's feelings? A) objectification B) self-serving guilt C) the reciprocity norm D) role transference Answer: C Diff: 2 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Application Objective: 3-6 AACSB: Analytical thinking 40) Carl Thorne has just passed the final test to become a member of a college fraternity. This rite of passage has moved Carl from being an individual to being a member of a bonded group. When Carl receives his fraternity pin in a final ceremony and joins his new brothers, he will have passed through the final stage of a rite of passage. According to the text, what is this stage called? A) separation B) aggregation C) liminality D) finality Answer: B Diff: 2 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Application Objective: 3-6 AACSB: Analytical thinking

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41) Thomas and his family recently toured the Gettysburg battlefield on their vacation. The area was rich in history. While walking, Thomas remembered all the accounts of the battle that he had read in school. He finally understood why this place had such a special meaning in American history and to Americans in general. This tour is best classified as an example of ________ consumption. A) profane B) objectified C) sacred D) crescive Answer: C Diff: 2 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Application Objective: 3-7 AACSB: Analytical thinking 42) Country singers Marty Stewart and Travis Tritt and their record label decided to change the culture of the Country and Western music scene. With their now famous "No Hats" tour, the singers abandoned conventional country and western fashion (they threw away their hats, let their hair grow long, and wore t-shirts) and tried to appeal to larger and younger audiences with a grinding, sexy message. The process that these singers went through is best described as a ________. A) cultural funnel B) culture production system (CPS) C) culture distribution system (CDS) D) culture gatekeeping process (CGP) Answer: B Diff: 2 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Application Objective: 3-3 AACSB: Analytical thinking 43) The Macah, a Native American tribe from the Northwest, built functional seagoing canoes that are considered works of art by modern shipbuilders. By definition, these boats would be considered ________. A) high art products B) style and cultural icons C) low art products D) craft products Answer: D Diff: 2 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Application Objective: 3-3 AACSB: Analytical thinking 13 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

44) Raymond Chandler wrote classic American detective stories. By always using certain roles for his characters and props that were appropriate to the genre, Chandler's novels followed a(n) ________. A) cultural formula B) enacted norm C) fashion cycle D) innovation process Answer: A Diff: 2 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Application Objective: 3-3 AACSB: Analytical thinking 45) Kyle liked to think he could program anything digital. He created a new video game, and a major industry firm wanted to buy it from him. He was bothered by their insistence that he modify the game by including a popular product's logo on the clothing of his main character. In this example, Kyle is concerned about the practice of ________. A) cultural jamming B) advergaming C) pretailing D) plinking Answer: B Diff: 2 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Application Objective: 3-4 AACSB: Analytical thinking 46) What term refers to desired end states that can apply to many different cultures? A) instrumental values B) more C) terminal values D) norms Answer: C Diff: 3 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-2

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47) The ________ assumes that people link very specific product attributes to terminal values. A) knowledge structure theory B) means-end chain model C) diffusion of innovation D) cultural production system model Answer: B Diff: 2 Learning Outcome: Identify and discuss the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Skill: Concept Objective: 3-2 48) Which of the following best supports the argument that tourism is a sacred experience? A) Tourism rarely involves the binary opposition of work and leisure. B) Tourism involves seeking authentic experiences that differ from daily, mundane activities. C) Tourism involves the four most important dimens...