Chapter 4 Notes- Sociology PDF

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Tuesday, September 10, 2019

Intro to Soc Chapter 4 The Socialization Process!

- Socialization ! • The process through which people learn the expectations of society! - Internalization ! • occurs when behaviors and assumptions are learned so thoroughly that people no longer question them, but simply accept them as correct. !

- Roles! • Expected behavior associated with a given status in society! - Identity! • How one defines oneself ! - Personality! • A persons relatively consistent pattern of behavior, feelings, predispositions, and beliefs !

Socialization as Social Control!

- Social control! • Process by which groups and individuals within those groups are brought into conformity with dominant social expectations !

Consequences of Socialization!

- Self concept! • How we think of ourselves as the result of the socialization experiences we have over a lifetime !

Agents of Socialization!

- Socialization agents ! 1

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• People, sources, structures who pass on social expectations ! Peers!

- Peers! • Those with whom you interact on equal terms: friends, fellow students, coworkers ! Social learning theory!

- Psychoanalytic theory! • Places great importance on the internal unconscious processes of the mind! - Social learning theory! • Considers the formation of identity- learned response to external social stimuli ! Symbolic Interaction Theory!

- Self! • What we imagine we are ! - Looking-glass self! • The ideas that peoples conception of self arises through reflection about their relationship to others!

- Taking the role of the other! • The process of putting oneself into the point of view of another ! - Imitation stage ! • Children copy the behavior of those in the surrounding environment without much understanding of social meaning of the behavior !

- Play stage! • Children begin to take on the roles of significant people in their environment, not just imitating but incorporating their relationship to the other!

- Significant others! • Those with whom people have a close affiliation ! 2

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- Game stage! • Children become capable of taking on multiple roles at the same time ! - Generalized other! • Abstract composite of social roles and social expectations ! Aging and the life course!

- Life course ! • Describe and analyze the connection between peoples personal attributes, the roles they occupy, the life events they experience, and the social and historical aspects of these events !

Adulthood !

- Anticipatory socialization! • The learning of expectations associated with a role a person expects to enter in the future !

Age and aging!

- Age stereotypes! • Preconceived judgements about what different age groups are like ! - Age prejudice! • Refers to a negative attitude about an age group that is generalized to all people in that group !

- Age discrimination ! • The different and unequal treatment of people based solely on their age ! - Ageism! • A term socialists use to describe the institutionalized practice of age prejudice and discrimination !

- Age stratification ! • The hierarchical ranking of different age groups in society! 3

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- Age cohort! • An aggregate group of people born during the same period ! - Disengagement theory ! • Draws from functionalism, predicts that as people age, they gradually withdraw from participation in society and are simultaneously relieved of responsibilities !

Rites of Passage!

- Rite of passage ! • Ceremony or ritual that marks the transition of an individual from one role to another !

Re-socialization !

- Re-socialization! • The process by which existing social roles are radically altered or replaced! Chapter summary !

- What is socialization and why is it significant for society! • Socialization creates the expectations that are the basis for peoples attitudes and behaviors. Through socialization, people conform to social expectations, although people still express themselves as individuals !

- Agents of socialization ! • Those who pass on social Organizational ritualism ! • A situation in which rules become ends in themselves rather than means to an end! - Alienation ! • The stresses on rules and procedures within bureaucracies can result in a decrease in the overall cohesion of the organization. This often psychologically separates a person from the organization and its goals !

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Tuesday, September 10, 2019

• expectations. They include the family, the media, peers, sports, religious institutions, and schools, among others. The family is usually the first source of socialization. The media also influence people’s values and behaviors. !

• Peers are an important source of individual identity; without peer approval, most people find it hard to be socially accepted. Schools also pass on expectations that are influenced by gender, race, and other social characteristics of people and groups!

- What theoretical perspectives do sociologists use to explain socialization?! • Psychoanalytic theory sees the self as driven bu unconscious drives and forces that interact with the expectations of society. !

• Social learning theory sees identity as a learned response to social stimuli such as reward-punishment and role models. !

• Functionalism interprets socialization as key to social stability because socialization establishes shared roles and values!

• Conflict theory interprets socialization in the context of inequality and power relations!

• Symbolic interaction there sees people as “constructing” the self as they interact with the environment and give meaning to their experience. Charles Horton Cooley describes this process as the looking-glass self!

• George Herbert Mead, described childhood socialization as occurring in three stages: imitation, play, and games !

- Does socialization mean that everyone grows up the same?! • Socialization is not a uniform process. Growing up in different environments and in such a diverse society means that different people and different groups are exposed to different expectations. Factors such as family structure, social class, regional differences, and many others influence how one is socialized.!

- Does socialization end during childhood?! • Socialization continues through a lifetime, although childhood is an especially significant time for the formation of identity!

• Adolescence is also a period when peer cultures have an enormous influence on the formation of peoples self-concepts.!

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• Adult socialization involves the learning of specific expectations associated with new roles!

- What are the social dimensions of the aging process?! • Although aging is a psychological process, its significance stems from social meanings attached to aging!

• Age prejudice and age discrimination result in the devaluation of older people.! • Age stratification refers to the inequality that occurs among different age groupsthe result of prejudice and discrimination !

- What does re-socialization mean?! • Re-socialization is the process by which existing social roles are radically altered or replaced. It can take place in an organization that maintains strict social control and demands that the individual conform to the needs of the group or organization. Examples are religious conversion, excessive influence via social interaction, (brainwashing), and the Stockholm syndrome.!

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