Chapter 4 Outline and Notes PDF

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Chapter 4: Tissues, Glands, and Membranes Outline and Notes Histology • Study of tissues hist/o (tissue) • Form, arrangement, and composition of cells within each tissue Tissue Origins • __________________________ – young actively dividing cells • Will differentiate into different body tissues as they mature • See Box 4-1 Stem Cells: So Much Potential page 62 Tissue Classification • ________________________ tissue – covers surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands • ________________________ tissue – supports and forms the framework • ________________________ tissue – contracts and produces movement • ________________________ tissue – conducts nerve impulses Epithelial Tissue • AKA Epithelium epi- (on, upon) • Protective covering of the body • Skin is made of this tissue • Also membranes, ducts, and the lining of cavities and hollow organs Stratified Squamous Epithelium • ______________________ epithelial cells are flat, irregular shaped • ______________________ means many layers • Dermis of skin Simple Cuboidal Epithelium • ______________________ are square shaped cells • ______________________ means one layer • Liver and kidneys Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium • ______________________ are long and narrow cells • ______________________ means that it appears as multilayered, but in fact is a single layer pseud/o (false) • Trachea Transitional Epithelium • Capable of great expansion • Returns to original shape • Urinary bladder Goblet Cells • Goblet cells – ____________-secreting cells, pseudostratified membranes

• ________________ – clear, sticky fluid • Small intestines Cilia • Cilia – hairlike projections Trachea Glands • Active cells are epithelial • __________________________ – have ducts or tubes and carry secretions away from the gland, act in a limited area near their source. Examples: salivary glands and lacrimal glands • __________________________– secrete directly into surrounding tissue fluid then absorbed into the bloodstream. Secrete hormones. Connective Tissue • Supporting fabric for the body • _________________________– intracellular background material, contains water, fibers, and hard materials • _________________________ connective tissue – fluid consistency, cells suspended in a liquid matrix (blood, lymph) • Generalized connective tissue – supports and protects structures, can be loose or dense • _________________________ – produce various fibers in all connective tissue • Structural connective tissue – skeleton, cartilage Generalized Connective Tissue: Loose Connective Tissue • Loose connective tissue – soft or semi-liquid consistency • Two types: Areolar and Adipose Areolar Connective Tissue Open composition Cells and fibers in a soft jelly-like matrix Found around vessels and between muscles Most _____________________type of connective tissue Adipose Tissue Store large amounts of _______________ Used for ___________________ Protective padding for organs Heat insulator Generalized Connective Tissue: Dense Connective Tissue • Dense connective tissue – firm, many fibers • __________________________ – flexible white protein, main type of fiber in connective tissue (See Box 4-2 Collagen: The Body’s Scaffolding page 66) • ____________________________ – random arrangement, fibrous, covers organs. Example is the capsule surrounding the kidneys • ____________________________- parallel alignment; tendons and ligaments

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Elastic connective tissue – can stretch and rebound to original length, vocal cords

Structural Connective Tissue • Mainly associated with the skeleton • ___________________________ – provides reinforcement, shock absorber, reduces friction between moving parts • Chondrocytes – cells that produce cartilage chondr/o (cartilage) • Three forms of cartilage: • Hyaline cartilage – tough, translucent; gristle; tip of your nose • Fibrocartilage – firm and rigid; between vertebrae • Elastic cartilage – spring back after it is bent; outer portion of ear Bone • Osseous tissue oss, osse/o, oste/o (bone) • Osteoblasts – cells that form bone at their immature stage blast/o (immature cells) • Osteocytes – mature bone cells Review What are the three basic shapes of epithelial cells? _______________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ What are the two categories of glands based on their method of secretion? ________________________________________________________________________ What is the general name for the intercellular material in connective tissue? ________________________________________________________________________ What protein makes up the main fibers in connective tissue? ________________________________________________________________________ • What type of cell characterizes dense connective tissue? • _________________________________________________________________ _ • What type of cell characterizes cartilage? • _________________________________________________________________ • What type of cell characterizes bone tissue? • _________________________________________________________________ _ Give examples of the following: Circulating connective tissue ________________________________________________ Generalized connective tissue _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Structural connective tissue _________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Muscle Tissue Skeletal Muscle • Muscle fibers – designed to produce movement

Skeletal muscles – • tendons and bones • move the body • voluntary • __________________________ – light and dark bands • multinucleated Cardiac Muscle • Cardiac muscles (___________________________) my/o (muscle) cardi/o (heart) • Contract to form heartbeat • Involuntary • _____________________________ disks •

Smooth Muscle • Involuntary • Muscle of viscera • No striations Nervous Tissue • Nerves, brain and spinal cord • __________________________ – basic unit of the nerve neur/o (nerves) • Dendrite- carries messages into the body of the neuron • Axon – carries messages from the body of the neuron • __________________________ – insulation of the axon • __________________________ – specialized cells to protect the neurons; “nerve glue”. Do not conduct a nerve impulse Review • What are three types of muscle tissue? • __________________________________________________________________ • What is the basic unit of nervous tissue? • __________________________________________________________________ • What is its function? • __________________________________________________________________ • What are the non-conducting support cells of the nervous system called? • __________________________________________________________________ Membranes Properties of Membranes • Thin sheets of tissue • Can be fragile or tough, transparent or opaque • Cover surfaces • Partition off sections • Line hollow organs, body cavities • Anchor organs

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Lubricate to reduce friction between moving parts

Membranes: Epithelial • Outer surface of epithelial cells covering a layer of connective tissue • Closely packed cells that manufacture lubricant • ___________________________ – line walls of cavities and fold back on themselves; do not go to outside the body • __________________ – line tubes and other spaces that open to the outside • _________________________- skin Serous Membranes • AKA Serosa • Line closed ventral body cavities that do not connect with outside of the body • Secrete a thin, watery lubricant called serous fluid ____________________________ – smooth, glistening tissue that makes up the serous membrane • Three serous membranes: • Pleurae – line thoracic cavity and covers the lungs pleur/o (side, rib) • Serous _______________________ – encloses the heart peri- (around) • ___________________ – lines the abdominal wall and covers the organs Serous Membranes: Layers • _________________________ layer – attached to the wall of a cavity • _________________________ layer – covering the organ • ______________________________ – area between the two layers •

Mucous Membranes • Produces mucus • Continuous linings of digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems • Connected with the ______________________of the body • Hairlike extensions called cilia • ______________________ – refers to the mucus membranes of an organ Connective Tissue Membranes • __________________ membranes – thin membranes that line joint cavities • Secrete lubricating fluid to prevent friction between bones • __________________ – three layers that cover the brain and spinal cord • __________________ – fibrous bands that support and hold in organs • Superficial fascia – continuous sheet that underlies the skin, contains adipose tissue, insulates the body, protects the skin • Deep fascia – covers, separates, and protects skeletal muscles • • • • •

Fibrous pericardium – encloses the heart “peri” around “____________i” heart ____________________ – membrane around the _________________ “peri” around “oste” bone Perichondrium – membrane around cartilage

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“peri” around “_____________” cartilage

Membranes and Disease • Common cold to peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum) -itis (inflammation of) • Act as pathways from one part of body to the other • Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE) and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) follow the connective tissue membranes arthr/o (joint)

Benign and Malignant Tumors Tumors: Benign • Tumor (________________________) – any abnormal cell growth neo- (new) • _____________________– confined to one area • Encapsulated • Cells are similar in appearance to normal cells • Types of benign tumors: • Papilloma papill/o(nipple)__________________________________ • Adenoma adeno- (gland)_________________________________ • Lipoma ______________________________________________ • Osteoma _____________________________________________ • Myoma ______________________________________________ • Angioma angi/o (vessel)________________________________ • Nevus _______________________________________________ • Chondroma ___________________________________________ Tumors: Malignant • Grow rapidly, spread through body, cancer • ______________________ -medical specialty that studies and treats cancer • ______________________ – secondary growths • ______________________ – originates in epithelium, most common form of cancer, spread by lymphatics • _____________________ – connective tissue cancer, often with mets to the lungs • mal- (bad, disordered, diseased, abnormal) Classification of Cancers • Classified according to the cells of origin • Neuroma – tumor with origins in the nerve • Glioma – tumor that originates in the neuroglia • Lymphoma – cancer of lymphatic tissue • Leukemia – cancer of the white blood cells Signs of Cancer • Unusual bleeding or discharge • Persistent indigestion

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Chronic hoarseness or cough Difficulty swallowing, white patches in the mouth Changes in size and color of moles (nevi) Unusual lumps Unexplained weight loss, feeling weak or tired Sore that does not heal Pain

Diagnosis of Cancer • ______________________ – microscopic analysis of living tissue • Radiography – x-rays, mammograms graph/o (writing, record) • Ultrasound – uses sound waves to determine abnormal growths ultra- (beyond) • Computed Tomography (CT) – cross-sectional pictures • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – use magnetic fields • Positron emission tomography (PET) – activity within an organ Bloodwork for Diagnosis • Prostate-specific antigen (__________________) – prostate • CA 125 – ovarian cancer • Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) – liver cancer • Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) – digestive and breast cancers • CD antigens – blood and lymphatic cancers Breast Cancer Markers • CA 15.3: used to find breast and ovarian cancers • TRU-QUANT and CA 27.29: may mean that breast cancer is present • CA125: may signal ovarian cancer, ovarian cancer recurrence, and breast cancer recurrence Staging • Method to determine the stage of a neoplasm to decide on course of treatment • TNM: Tumor, regional lymph Nodes, distant Metastases • Severity – Roman numeral I through IV Treatment of Cancer • Surgery (laser, electrosurgery, cryosurgery, chemosurgery) • Radiation • Chemotherapy (antineoplastic drugs) • Immunotherapy – administration of substances that stimulate immune system • Also targets the cell receptors that stimulates tumor growth Tissues and Aging • Lose elasticity and flexibility, sagging skin and wrinkles • Blood vessels have reduced capability to expand, poor circulation and slow healing • Bones lose calcium, become brittle, more chance of fracture • Muscle wasting, atrophy, weakness • HOLY COW!! THIS IS DEPRESSING!!

Review • What are the three types of epithelial membranes? • ________________________________________________________________ • • What is the difference between a parietal and a visceral serous membrane? • _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ ___ • What is fascia and where is it located? • _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ __ • What is the difference between a benign and malignant tumor? • _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ ____ • What is a biopsy? • _________________________________________________________________ _ • What are the three standard approaches to the treatment of cancer? • _________________________________________________________________ _...