Chapter #42 homework assignment practice questions PDF

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1) Which statement most accurately describes how matter and energy are used in ecosystems? A) Matter flows through ecosystems; energy cycles within a single ecosystem. B) Energy flows through ecosystems; matter cycles within and through ecosystems. C) Energy can be converted into matter; matter cannot be converted into energy. D) Matter can be converted into energy; energy cannot be converted into matter. E) Matter is used in every ecosystem; energy is only used in some ecosystems. 2) A cow's herbivorous diet indicates that it is a(n) A) primary consumer. B) secondary consumer. C) chemotrophic animal. D) autotrophic animal. E) primary producer. 3) To recycle nutrients, an ecosystem must have, at a minimum, A) producers. B) producers and decomposers. C) producers, primary consumers, and decomposers. D) producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and decomposers. E) producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, top carnivores, and decomposers. 4) Which of the following is an example of an ecosystem? A) all of the brook trout in a 500-square-hectare river drainage system B) the interactions between all plant and animal species in a savanna C) the plants, animals, and decomposers that inhabit an alpine meadow D) a pond and all of the various plant and animal species that live in it E) the interactions between all organisms and their desert environment 5) Which of the following is most correct regarding the activity of detritivores? A) They synthesize the organic molecules that are used by the primary producers. B) They convert organic matter to inorganic, which is used by primary producers. C) They are primary producers that convert organic matter into inorganic detritus. D) They are autotrophs and heterotrophs that convert detritus to organic matter. 6) Primary producers support the primary consumers in an ecosystem. Which of the following is most correct regarding primary producers? A) Primary producers occupy the trophic level that directly feeds all autotrophs. B) Heterotrophs are able to thrive in an ecosystem without primary producers. C) Chemoautotrophic prokaryotes near deep-sea vents are primary producers. D) Detritivores have no interaction with the primary producers in an ecosystem

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7) What percentage of visible light striking a plant is converted into chemical energy? A) 1% B) 10% C) 25% D) 50% E) 100% 8) Which of these ecosystems has the highest net primary productivity per square meter annually? A) Nigerian savanna B) Southern open ocean C) Canada's boreal forest D) Amazon rain forest E) Asian temperate forest 9) The availability of soil nutrients has a direct effect on primary productivity. Which of the following is most correct regarding non-limiting and limiting nutrients? A) Only phosphorus acts as a limiting nutrient to global primary productivity. B) Adding a limiting nutrient, such as nitrogen, would decrease primary production. C) Increases in non-limiting nutrients result in increases in primary productivity. D) Nitrogen is the limiting nutrient when considering global primary production. E) Phosphorous is the only limiting nutrient in terrestrial primary productivity. 10) It is well known that animals at higher trophic levels are vulnerable to extinction. Which of the following factors is most likely to increase the likelihood of extinction? A) increased dry mass at higher trophic levels B) increased energy transfer at higher levels C) the same energy transfer at all levels D) decreased energy transfer at higher levels E) decreased dry mass at higher trophic levels 11) Why does a vegetarian leave a smaller ecological footprint than a person who eats meat? A) Fewer farm animals are slaughtered for human consumption. B) There is an excess of plant biomass in all terrestrial ecosystems. C) Vegetarians need to ingest less chemical energy than omnivores. D) Vegetarians require less protein to sustain life than do omnivores. E) Eating meat is an inefficient way to utilize autotrophic productivity. 12) For most terrestrial ecosystems, pyramids composed of species abundances, biomass, and energy are similar in that they have a broad base and a narrow top. The primary reason for this pattern is that A) secondary consumers and top-level carnivores require far less energy than producers. B) at each step, energy is lost from the system because of the second law of thermodynamics. C) as matter passes through ecosystems, some of the matter is lost to the environment as heat. D) toxin accumulation in an animal's tissues limits the secondary consumers and top carnivores. E) top carnivores and secondary consumers have a more general diet than primary producers. 2 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc.

13) The number of trophic levels is typically limited to four or five. Which of the following is primarily responsible for this limitation? A) Many primary and higher-order consumers are opportunistic feeders. B) Decomposers compete with higher-order consumers for nutrients and energy. C) Nutrient cycles involve both abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems. D) Nutrient cycling rates tend to be limited by decomposition by detritivores. E) Energy transfer between trophic levels tends to be of very low efficiency.

14) Why do logged tropical rain forests typically have nutrient-poor soils? A) Decomposition on the forest floor takes four to six years on average. B) Logging results in soil temperatures that are lethal to nitrogen-fixing bacteria. C) Most of the nutrients in the ecosystem are removed in the harvested timber. D) Nutrients evaporate easily into the atmosphere in the post-logged forest. 15) What is the goal of restoration ecology? A) to replace a ruined ecosystem with a more suitable ecosystem B) to initiate or accelerate the restoration of a degraded ecosystem C) to completely restore a disturbed ecosystem to its former state D) to prevent further degradation by protecting an area with park status E) to manage competition between species in human-altered ecosystems 16) Which of the following is an example of bioremediation? A) bulldozing the land around an abandoned strip mine to combat erosion B) scraping a river bottom with a tool to remove contaminated sediments C) reconfiguring a river channel to increase the flow of water down a river D) using microorganisms to eat oil in marine waters after a tanker oil spill E) selectively logging younger trees to leave older trees for woodpecker nests

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