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QUIZ CHAPTER 5: LIVING PEOPLE

Due Thurs. Oct 13

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. C. Loring Brace argued that the race concept: a. was first used by Marco Polo as he recorded huge amounts of information during his travels in Asia. b. has been present throughout human history. c. can be traced to the Renaissance, when seafaring travelers observed differences between people from distant lands. d. originated in ancient Egypt.

2. Franz Boas: a. was a strong supporter of the race concept. b. created racial categories based on living populations in the United States. c. showed that U.S.-born children had the same head shapes as their immigrant parents. d. showed that U.S.-born children had different head shapes than their immigrant parents.

3. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach: a. discovered the existence of three races. b. categorized skulls into five racial types. c. used blood types and skin colors to create a racial taxonomy for humans. d. showed that skull shape changed over time.

4. R.C. Lewontin found that human “races” have no taxonomic significance. He demonstrated this: a. through research indicating that most genetic variation is found among human races. b. through research indicating that most genetic variation is found across human populations. c. through the examination of variation in multiple human skull characteristics. d. through research that examined genetic diversity across different species of mammals.

5. A cline:

a. is continuous variation that follows a continuum. b. is variation that falls into discrete categories. c. describes the pattern of occurrence of trisomy 18. d. was used to describe human variation as early as the Renaissance. 6. The long limb measurements of Turkana pastoralists indicate that: a. the population is on the continuum of variation observed in Allen’s rule. b. the population represents the variability that results from Wolff’s law of skeletal replacement. c. the population has body proportions that are not well adapted to warmer climates. d. the population is well adapted for life at high latitudes, as Allen’s rule predicts for pastoralist populations.

7. The prenatal stage in humans consists of: a. trimesters. b. the neonatal period through the end of lactation. c. infancy, childhood, juvenile period, puberty, adolescence, and adulthood. d. the neonatal period, infancy, juvenile period, puberty, and adolescence.

8. Multiple biological traits: a. do not lead to clear-cut racial classifications. b. are race specific. c. help with biological profiling of races. d. do not exist in all humans.

9. Stressors during the prenatal stage include: a. a vegan diet of greens, fruits, and dairy products. b. smoking, alcohol, and drugs. c. heavy exercise like running and swimming. d. lack of exercise.

10. Infancy ends: a. at about 36 months. b. before deciduous dentition has completely erupted. c. with completion of brain growth. d. with weaning, which occurs at the same time across cultures.

11. Allen’s rule indicates that humans will have: a. larger lungs in hot environments and smaller lungs in cold environments. b. smaller bodies in cold environments and larger bodies in hot environments. c. longer limbs in hot environments and shorter limbs in cold environments. d. taller bodies in cold environments and shorter bodies in hot environments.

12. Sexual maturation or puberty is marked by: a. menarche in girls. b. similar body size in boys and girls. c. completion of brain growth. d. adult social roles.

13. A major cause of the obesity pandemic is due to: a. the increased ability to produce and consume inexpensive, high-fat foods. b. a lack of physical exercise. c. a combination of lower calories and more exercise. d. the production of high-calorie foods even though people still have a high exercise level.

14. When epiphyses fuse to the diaphyses: a. long bone growth is slowed. b. full adult height is attained. c. the adolescent growth spurt begins. d. is an event largely determined by the environment.

15. The postnatal stage includes: a. the first, second and third trimesters. b. menarche and senescence. c. the growth of the deciduous teeth, motor skills, and cognitive abilities. d. the human growth cycle from the embryo stage.

16. Genetic adaptation: a. occurs at the population level via natural selection. b. occurs at the individual level during childhood.

c. occurs at the individual level throughout an individual’s lifetime. d. involves using material culture to make living possible in certain settings. 17. Developmental (or ontogenetic) adaptation: a. occurs at the individual level throughout an individual’s lifetime. b. occurs at the individual level during childhood. c. involves using material culture to make living possible in certain settings. d. occurs at the population level via natural selection. 18. Acclimatization: a. occurs at the individual level throughout an individual’s lifetime. b. occurs at the individual level during childhood. c. involves using material culture to make living possible in certain settings. d. occurs at the population level via natural selection.

19. Cultural adaptation: a. occurs at the population level via natural selection. b. occurs at the individual level during childhood. c. involves using material culture to make living possible in certain settings. d. occurs at the individual level throughout an individual’s lifetime.

20. Functional adaptation: a. occurs at the individual level throughout an individual’s lifetime. b. occurs at the individual level during childhood. c. involves using material culture to make living possible in certain settings. d. includes both developmental adaptation and acclimatization.

21. Melanin: a. is advantageous because it provides protection from solar radiation. b. is a chemical that decreases the possibility of a tan. c. occurs in individuals with light skin tone. d. develops more with age.

22. For women with very low body weight, high amounts of exercise can result in: a. increased female fertility. b. increased ovarian function. c. reduced ability to conceive relative to women who do not exercise.

d. higher rates of conception than in women who do not exercise.

23. Relative to people with a history of living in temperate climates, the Inuit and other coldadapted populations: a. have lower BMR. b. consume more carbohydrates. c. reduce peripheral body temperatures to maintain core temperatures. d. have short limbs and large bodies. 24. Dark skin (a result of increased melanin production in equatorial peoples) is likely a response to ultraviolet radiation, because UV radiation can cause: a. skin cancer. b. hypoxia. c. rickets. d. hypothermia.

25. Pale skin (a mutation found in peoples from northern European climes that causes less melanin production) is likely a response to ultraviolet radiation, because: a. insufficient UV radiation causes skin cancer. b. insufficient UV radiation causes hypoxia. c. insufficient UV radiation results in insufficient Vitamin D and conditions such as rickets. d. hypothermia would be a problem If light levels were too low, and pale people absorb more light.

26. Sexual dimorphism: a. refers to the onset of puberty. b. refers to the difference between male and female behavior. c. refers to the development of male and female primary characteristics. d. refers to the difference in physical attributes of males and females.

27. Wolff’s law: a. is the principle that the lengths of limb bones are related to environmental conditions. b. applies to the maintenance of the endocrine system. c. accounts for the remodeling of bone when it is under stress. d. says that bones will remodel to become stronger when under stress, while mass is taken away and the bones become weaker when/where they are not used.

28. Hypoxia has been shown to be an agent of natural selection in that Tibetan women: a. at high altitudes had fewer surviving children. b. with alleles for high oxygen saturation in their hemoglobin had more surviving children. c. with alleles for high oxygen saturation in their hemoglobin had fewer surviving children. d. have poor nutrition.

29. Rickets is the result of: a. a lack of vitamin D. b. a lack of melanin. c. high UV exposure. d. severe air pollution.

30. Natural selection favored alleles for light skin in: a. Africa. b. Europe. c. South America. d. Australia.

LONG ANSWER AND LISTING:

1.

WHAT RACIAL CATEGORIES DID FRIEDRICH BLUMENBACH CATEGORIZED HUMANS INTO?

2.

Define the three main stages in the human growth cycle and distinguish among them, with examples of biological milestones within each stage

3.

Explain how solar radiation is related to skin color, vitamin D synthesis, and folate retention.

4. Is race a valid, biologically meaningful concept? Why or why not?

5. Discuss Allen’s and Bergmann’s rules and how they affect human variation. Include the forces of evolution discussed in previous chapters to support your essay....