Chapter 7 Lesson Outline PDF

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Chapter 7 Lesson Outline...

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Advanced First Aid, CPR, and AED, Sixth Edition

Chapter 7: Shock

Chapter 7 Shock

I. Introduction to Shock A. When adequate blood and oxygen are provided to all cells in different tissues and organs in the body, it is referred to as perfusion. B. Shock occurs when the body’s tissues do not receive enough oxygen-rich blood. 1. Other types of shock: a. Electric shock b. Being shocked i. Scared ii. Surprised

C. Shock is known as hypoperfusion. This describes a state of collapse and failure of the cardiovascular system in which blood circulation decreases and eventually ceases. 1. Associated with a wide variety of conditions

II. Causes of Shock A. The damage caused by shock depends on which body part is deprived of oxygen and for how long. 1. Brain—4 to 6 minutes 2. Abdominal organs—45 to 90 minutes 3. Skin and muscle cells—3 to 6 hours B. Think of the circulatory system as having three components. 1. Heart 2. Blood vessels 3. Blood C. The heart, blood vessels, and blood can be referred to as the perfusion triangle. Shock occurs when one or more of the sides is not working properly. D. Causes of shock can be cardiovascular and noncardiovascular. E. The noncardiovascular causes of shock are respiratory insufficiency, psychogenic shock, and anaphylaxis; the three major cardiovascular causes of shock are poor pump function, blood or fluid loss from blood vessels, and poor vessel function.

© 2012 Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC (www.jblearning.com)

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Advanced First Aid, CPR, and AED, Sixth Edition

Chapter 7: Shock

1. Cardiovascular a. Pump failure i. Cardiogenic shock ii. Diseases can cause destruction or inflammation of the heart muscle. iii. Too much damage causes the heart to no longer function well.

b. Content failure i. Hypovolemic shock or hemorrhagic shock ii. Internal bleeding, external bleeding, and severe thermal burns can cause shock. iii. Insufficient blood volume within vascular system

c. Poor vessel function i. Neurogenic shock ii. After spinal cord damage, muscles in the blood vessels dilate. iii. Blood can no longer fill the enlarged vessels.

d. Combined vessel and content failure i. Septic shock ii. Severe bacterial infections produce toxins that damage the vessel walls. iii. Can occur from a complication of a serious illness, injury, or surgery.

2. Noncardiovascular a. Respiratory insufficiency i. Chest injury ii. Airway obstruction iii. Nonoxygenated blood will not benefit the victim.

b. Anaphylactic shock i. Immune system reacts violently to a substance. (a) Medications (b) Food (c) Insect stings ii. Can develop in minutes or seconds after contact iii. Widespread vascular dilation causes poor oxygenation and poor tissue perfusion.

c. Psychogenic shock i. Sudden nervous system reaction that produces temporary vascular dilation ii. Results in fainting, or syncope iii. Causes include: (a) Fear (b) Bad news (c) Unpleasant sights

III. The Progression of Shock A. Shock itself cannot be seen, but its signs and symptoms can.

© 2012 Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC (www.jblearning.com)

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Advanced First Aid, CPR, and AED, Sixth Edition

Chapter 7: Shock

1. When the body can still compensate for blood loss, it is referred to as compensated shock. 2. Decompensated shock is the late stage of shock. a. Falling blood pressure 3. Irreversible shock is the final stage. a. Terminal

IV. Care for Shock A. Even if an injured victim does not have signs or symptoms of shock, first aiders should automatically treat injured victims for shock. 1. General care for shock: a. Monitor breathing. i. Begin CPR, if necessary.

b. Control external bleeding. c. Place the victim on his or her back. i. Heart attack or lung disease victims breathe easier in a half-sitting position.

d. Do not move the victim if fractures or head, spine, or torso injuries are suspected. i. Loosen tight clothing at the neck, chest, and waist.

e. Splint bone or joint injuries. f. Keep the victim warm. g. Handle the victim gently. h. Seek immediate medical care. 2. Care for anaphylaxis: a. Call 9-1-1 immediately. b. Monitor breathing. i. Begin CPR if necessary.

c. Help victim administer physician-prescribed epinephrine auto-injector. i. Determine that the prescription is the victim’s. ii. Check expiration date. iii. Remove safety cap. iv. Support the victim’s thigh. v. Place the injector between the hip and knee on the victim’s thigh. vi. Push the injector firmly. vii. Hold for 10 seconds. viii. Remove. ix. Reinsert auto-injector, needle first, into carrying tube. x. Dispose of properly.

© 2012 Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC (www.jblearning.com)

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Advanced First Aid, CPR, and AED, Sixth Edition

Chapter 7: Shock

d. Help victim take an antihistamine to prevent further reactions. B. In most fainting cases, blood circulation to the brain is often restored once the victim collapses and is lying down. Responsiveness also usually returns. 1. Care for fainting or psychogenic shock: a. If you feel faint: i. Lie down or sit down. ii. Do not place your head between your knees.

b. If someone else faints: i. Check for breathing. ii. Begin CPR and call 9-1-1, if necessary. iii. Keep the victim flat in a comfortable position. iv. Consider raising victim’s legs 6 to 12 inches unless injury is suspected. v. Check for possible head and spine injuries. vi. If weakness, dizziness, or pain is present during walking, suspect a head injury and call 9-1-1. Treat for possible spine injury. vii. Check and treat injuries related to falling. viii. Allow fresh air to reach the victim.

V. Summary A. When adequate blood and oxygen are provided to all cells in different tissues and organs in the body, it is called perfusion. B. Shock occurs when the body’s tissues do not receive enough oxygen-rich blood. C. Shock is known as hypoperfusion. This describes a state of collapse and failure of the cardiovascular system in which blood circulation decreases and eventually ceases. Shock has many causes. D. The damage caused by shock depends on which body part is deprived of oxygen and for how long. The brain is affected the quickest. E. The heart, blood vessels, and blood can be referred to as the perfusion triangle. Shock occurs when one or more of the sides is not working properly. F. Causes of shock can be cardiovascular and noncardiovascular. G. Shock cannot be seen, but its signs and symptoms can. The early stages of shock are referred to as compensated shock. The late stage of shock is referred to as decompensated shock. The final stage is called irreversible shock. H. Even if an injured victim does not have signs or symptoms of shock, first aiders should automatically treat injured victims for shock. I. In most fainting cases, blood circulation to the brain is often restored once the victim collapses and is lying down. Responsiveness also usually returns.

© 2012 Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC (www.jblearning.com)

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