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TRA NGUYEN (PSY1303)

CHAPTER 8 STUDY QUESTIONS

1. What is your textbook's definition of motivation? Motivation is the biological, emotional, cognitive or social forces that activate and direct behavior. 2. What are three general characteristics of motivation? 1) Activation. 2) Persistence. 3) Intensity. 3. Understand Drive theory and the concept of homeostasis.  

Drive theory is the view that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs. Homeostasis is the constancy of internal conditions that the body must actively maintain.

4. What does incentive theory of motivation suggest? Incentive theory is the view that behavior is motivated by the “pull” of external goals, such as rewards, money or recognition. 5. How does arousal theory differ? Arousal theory is the view that people are motivated to maintain an optimum level of arousal – neither too high nor too low. 6. Know and understand the stages of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. 1) Basic needs: physiological needs (e.g, food, water, warmth, rest, etc) + safety needs (e.g, security, safety). 2) Psychological needs: belongingness and love needs (e.g, intimate relationships, friends) + esteem needs (prestige and feeling of accomplishment). 3) Self-fulfillment needs: self-actualization (e.g, achieving one’s full potential, including creative activities). 7. Know Maslow's characteristics of self-actualized people.      

Realism and acceptance. Spontaneity. Problem centering. Autonomy. Continued freshness of appreciation. Peak experiences.

8. Know Deci and Ryan's 3 components of their Self-Determination theory. 1) Autonomy: need to determine, control and organize one’s own behavior and goals. 2) Competence: need to effectively learn and master challenging tasks. 3) Relatedness: need to feel attached to others. 9. Know the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.

TRA NGUYEN (PSY1303)  

CHAPTER 8 STUDY QUESTIONS

Intrinsic motivation is the desire to engage in tasks that are inherently satisfying and enjoyable, novel or optimally challenging; the desire to do something for its own sake. Extrinsic motivation is the external factors or influences on behavior, such as rewards, rules, consequences or social expectations and evaluations.

10. What is the difference between achievement and competence motivation? Achievement motivation is the desire to direct your behavior toward excelling, succeeding or outperforming others at some task while competence motivation is the desire to direct your behavior toward demonstrating competence and exercising control in a situation 11. How does culture (i.e., collectivistic vs. individualistic) influence motivation? 

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In individualistic cultures, like those that characterize North American and European countries, the need to achieve emphasizes personal, individual success rather than the success of the group. In these cultures, achievement motivation is also closely linked with succeeding in competitive tasks. In collectivistic cultures, like those of many Asian countries, achievement motivation tends to have a different focus. Instead of being oriented toward the individual, achievement orientation is more socially oriented.

12. Define emotion. Emotion is a complex psychological state that involves subjective experience, a physiological response and a behavioral or expressive response. 13. What are the "basic emotions"? What two dimensions can they be classified along? Basic emotions are the most fundamental set of emotion categories, which are biologically innate, evolutionarily determined and culturally universal (e.g, fear, surprise, anger, disgust, happiness, sadness). Basic emotions are classified along two dimensions: 1) Pleasant or unpleasant. 2) Level of activation or arousal associated with the emotion. 14. Have a general understanding of the sympathetic nervous response and emotions. The sympathetic nervous system normally functions to produce localized adjustments (such as sweating as a response to an increase in temperature) and reflex adjustments of the cardiovascular system. This system is activated by some intense emotions such as excitement, passionate love or extreme joy. 15. Do you remember what specific part of the brain is associated with emotions (Hint: your friend named Amy)? Amygdala. 16. What is the difference between "hard-wired" facial expressions and display rules? “Hard-wired” facial expressions are biologically innate and culturally universal while display rules are the cultural differences in the management of facial expressions. 17. What does James-Lange theory of emotion argue? What is the facial-feedback theory?

TRA NGUYEN (PSY1303)  

CHAPTER 8 STUDY QUESTIONS

James-Lange theory of emotion argues that emotions arise from the perception of body changes. The facial-feedback theory is the view that expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, causes the subjective experience of that emotion.

18. What did Cannon say in response to James-Lange's theory? First, Cannon pointed out that body reaction are similar for many emotions, yet our subjective experience of various emotions is very different. Second, Cannon argued that our emotional reaction to a stimulus is often faster than our physiological reaction. 19. Understand Richard Lazarus' Cognitive-Mediational theory. Richard Lazarus’ Cognitive-Mediational theory is the view that emotions result from the cognitive appraisal of a situation. 20. Define "self-efficacy”. “Self-efficacy” is the degree to which are convinced of your ability to effectively meet the demands of a particular situation. 21. How do you strengthen self-efficacy? 1) Engage in mastery experiences: experiencing success at moderately challenging tasks in which you have to overcome obstacle and persevere. 2) Social Modeling (Observational learning): imitate the behavior of someone who is already competent at the task you want to master. 22. Know the stages of "implementation intentions." 1) Form a goal intention: translate vague general intentions. 2) Create implementation intentions: specify exactly where, when and how you will carry out your intended behavior. 3) Mental rehearsal: visualize the process....