Chapter 9 - quizlet PDF

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Chapter 9 Learning Curve Study online at quizlet.com/_3zea0b 1.

After multiple cell cycles, what happens to telomeres?: they shorten, leading to chromosome instability and cell death

2.

The antiparallel relationship of the two strands of DNA refers to: the alignment of the strands, such that one strand starts with a 3' carbon and the other starts with a 5' codon

3.

As a biologist working with a cell culture, you notice that the ends of the chromosomes are decreasing in size after each cell division. Other than that, the cells seem healthy. What is the most likely explanation?: Too little telomerase is being produced

20.

If four units of DNA are present in a gamete of a fish, how many units of DNA would be present in a somatic cell of that fish?: 8

21.

If one of the sequences that you wish to amplify by PCR begins with 5′TGTCGAT3′, the primer should be: 3'ACAGCTA-5'

22.

In a population of rapidly dividing cells, most cells should be in the _______ phase. Cells not in this phase should have roughly _______ as much DNA as the cells in the most common phase.: G1; twice

4.

A bacteriophage is a: a virus that attacks bacteria

23.

5.

A cell in G1 has 10 units of DNA. How many units of DNA should it have in G2?: 20

In bacteria, there is/are _______ origin(s) of replication and _______ replication forks.: 1; 2

24.

6.

The cells at the base of your skin frequently divide. Based on this, you would expect these cells to: have high levels of telomerase.

Individual 1 of a species has a chromosome with genes in the order ABCDEFGH. Individual 2 has the same chromosome with genes in the order ABCEFGH. Which is most likely?: Individual 2 has a deletion

7.

Chromosomal mutations involve...: large region of chromosomes

25.

8.

A clump of cells in someone's intestine is genetically different from cells elsewhere in his body. These intestine cells have a _______ mutation.: somatic

In DNA replication, what catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of each new strand?: DNA Polymerase

26.

In DNA, the amount of A equals...: the amount of T

27.

In DNA, the amount of G equals...: the amount of C

28.

In replicating the telomeric DNA repeat sequence, telomerase: uses an RNA template

9.

DNA is added to the 5′ ends of DNA chains on...: neither the leading nor the lagging strands

10.

DNA polymerase makes errors, which can be fixed by...: proofreading and mismatch repair

29.

A mutation in a protein-coding region can lead to...: an alteration in the amino acid sequence of the protein

11.

DNA replication leaves a...: short, un-replicated sequence at the 5' end of each new DNA strand

30.

Okazaki fragments are found: at just the lagging strand in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

12.

During replication of DNA, the parent DNA unwinds to form a...: replication fork

31.

13.

Eukaryotic chromosomes have repetitive sequences at each end called...: telomeres

One strand of DNA has the sequence 5′-ACGTTGATTAGG-3′. What is the sequence of the other strand?: 3′TGCAACTAATCC-5′

32.

14.

Experimental evidence for DNA as the genetic material is provided by the....: transformation of one genotype into another by adding DNA

The percent of G plus the percent of C in a DNA sequence can be no greater than _______.: 100

33.

A photographic plate would most likely be used in: X-ray crystallography.

34.

The Polymerase chain reaction technique uses...: DNA polymerase to make multiple copies of DNA in the laboratory

35.

The process described by the statement Bacterium strain C + strain D DNA → bacterium strain D is called: transformation

36.

A proofreading DNA repair system differs from other types of DNA repair systems in that it: occurs as DNA is being replicated

37.

Replication proceeds in both directions from the...: origin of replication (ori)

38.

The rules formulated by Erwin Chargaff state that: A = T and G = C in any sample of DNA.

39.

S bacterial cells cause disease in mice, but R bacterial cells do not. Given that DNA is the transforming substance, which of the following would be expected to produce a transformation that would cause mice to become sick?: Pure DNA from S cells injected into R cells

15.

16.

Fed on a standard diet, mice with a genetic mutation appear like wild type. On a diet with limited protein, these mice have difficulty growing, but the wild type individuals continue growing. This is a _______ mutation.: conditional Flour beetles with a mutation raised at 25°C appear normal, but if these beetles are raised at 32°C (a temperature that wild-type beetles easily tolerate), they have limb deformities. For this mutation, 25°C is a _______ temperature.: permissive

17.

Franklin's X-ray crystallography data suggested that DNA: is helical

18.

If a DNA sample contains 28 percent T, it must contain _______ percent G.: 22

19.

If DNA polymerase were not as processive as it is,: DNA replication would occur less rapidly.

40.

41.

S bacterial cells cause disease in mice, but R bacterial cells do not. If proteins, rather than DNA, were the transforming principle, which of the following would be expected to produce a transformation that would cause mice to become sick?: pure proteins for S cells injected into R cells The short "starter" strand used in DNA replication is called the _______. In most organisms it is made of _______.: primer; RNA

59.

What feature of DNA allows proteins to bind to specific base-pair sequences?: the outer edges of the bases are exposed in the major and minor grooves

60.

What feature of DNA most directly makes it an ideal molecule for storage of the genetic material?: that it is a very long polymer that can vary in sequence

61.

What helped Watson and Crick unravel the helical structure of DNA?: The observation that the amount of A equals the amount of T and the amount of G equals the amount of C. Also, X-ray crystallography data

42.

Somatic mutations are passed down to...: daughter cells during mitosis

43.

Starting with a single, double-stranded DNA molecule, after four rounds of PCR, _______ double-stranded DNA molecules will be created, if the PCR works perfectly.: 16

62.

What is a primer?: strand of nucleic acid, usually RNA, that is the necessary starting material for the synthesis of a new DNA strand, which is synthesized from the 3' end of the primer

44.

Suppose there is a new DNA polymerase that can add nucleotides at both the 5′ and 3′ ends of DNA strands. Otherwise, this new DNA polymerase functions just like other DNA polymerases. With such a DNA polymerase, which of the following would not be needed?: DNA ligase

63.

What is a replication fork?: A point at which the DNA molecule is replication. The fork forms by the unwinding of the parent molecule

64.

What is primase?: An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of a primer for DNA replication

65.

What is semiconservative replication?: Each of the two partner strands in a double helix acts as a template for a new partner strand; thus, the two replicated DNA molecules each contain one parent strand and one newly synthesized strand

66.

What is structure A?: The primer

67.

What is substantial evidence that DNA is genetic material?: it is present in the nucleus, it doubles during S phase of the mitotic cell cycle, and it is injected into host cells by viruses

68.

What is telomerase?: An enzyme that catalyzes the addition of telomeric sequences lost from chromosomes during DNA replication

69.

What is the function of DNA polymerase?: it adds nucleotides to the growing DNA chain

70.

What is the lagging strand in DNA replication?: the daughter strand that is synthesized in discontinuous stretches called Okazaki fragments

71.

What is the leading strand in DNA replication?: the daughter strand that is synthesized continuously

72.

What is the role of DNA helicase in DNA replication?: it unwinds the DNA prior to replication

73.

What is transformation?: A mechanism for transfer of genetic information in bacteria in which pure DNA from a bacterium of one genotype is taken in through the cell surface of a bacterium of a different genotype and incorporated into the chromosome of the recipient cell

74.

What role did Friedrich Miescher play in our understanding of DNA?: He discovered DNA and determined that it contains the elements C, H, O, N, and P

45.

There is a block of genes in the order ABCDEFG on a chromosome. A duplication takes place between, but not including, genes B and F. What is the resulting order of genes on that chromosome?: ABCDECDEFG

46.

There is a block of genes in the order ABCDEFG on a chromosome. An inversion takes place between, but not including, genes B and F. What is the resulting order of genes on that chromosome?: ABEDCFG

47.

There is a change in the sequence of a gene from an A to a C. This mutation must be a _______ mutation.: point

48.

What allows PCR to amplify specific DNA molecules and only those molecules?: the sequence of primers used

49.

What are germline mutations?: mutations in the cell that produce gametes

50.

What are induced mutations?: a mutation resulting from exposure to a mutagen from outside the cell

51.

What are point mutations?: alterations in single base pairs of DNA

52.

What are silent mutations?: a change in a gene's sequence that can occur in genes or nontranscribed regions and do not affect the amino acid sequences of proteins

53.

What are somatic mutations?: Permanent genetic change in a somatic cell

54.

What are spontaneous mutations?: a genetic change caused by internal cellular mechanisms, such as an error in DNA replication

55.

What are the Okazaki fragments of the lagging strand joined together by?: DNA Ligase

56.

What are translocations?: a rare mutational event that moves a portion of a chromosome to a new location

75.

What types of chromosomal mutations are there?: deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations

57.

What does DNA exhibit?: semiconservative replication

76.

58.

What do somatic mutations affect?: the individual only; they are not passed on to offspring

Where do somatic mutations occur?: in the body cells of an individual

77.

Whether a loss-of-function mutation will be dominant, recessive, or something in between depends mainly on whether: 50 percent of the normal product from the gene is sufficient to give a normal phenotype

78.

Which of the following is a germline cell?: An egg

79.

Which of the following is an appropriate use of a flow cytometer?: quantifying DNA amounts

80.

Which statement about point mutations is false?: They are chromosomal mutations.

81.

Which type of mutation would most likely arise from a genetic change resulting in a protein with an altered function?: Gain-offunction

82.

Who are germline mutations passed down to?: sexually reproduced offspring

83.

Why do eukaryotes typically have multiple origins of replication while most prokaryotes typically have just one?: Eukaryotes have much larger genomes.

84.

Without DNA repair, the error rate of DNA polymerase is about one for every 100,000 bases replicated. If an organism has a haploid genome of 1.5 billion base pairs, how many mutations should occur each time a diploid cell replicates its DNA?: 30,000

85.

The wrinkled-seed allele in pea plants (one of Mendel's traits) is due to a _______ mutation and is _______.: loss-of-function; recessive...