Chapter Summaries - Summary Psychological Testing and Assessment PDF

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CHAPTER 1: PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING AND ASSESSMENTCHAPTER 1: PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING AND ASSESSMENTTESTING AND ASSESSMENT Roots can be found in early twentieth century in France 1905  Alfred Binet published a test designed to help place Paris school children  WW1, military used the test to screen larg...

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CHAPTER 1: PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING AND ASSESSMENT CHAPTER 1: PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING AND ASSESSMENT TESTING AND ASSESSMENT  Roots can be found in early twentieth century in France 1905  Alfred Binet published a test designed to help place Paris school children  WW1, military used the test to screen large numbers of recruits quickly for intellectual and emotional problems  WW2, military depend more on tests to screen recruits for service PSYCHOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING ASSESSMENT Process of measuring Gathering & integration of psychology-related psychology-related data for variables by means of DEFINITION the purpose of making a devices/procedures psychological evaluation with designed to obtain a accompany of tools. sample of behavior To answer a referral question, To obtain some gauge, solve problem or arrive at a usually numerical in OBJECTIVE decision thru the use of tools nature of evaluation Testing may be PROCESS Typically individualized individualized or group Tester is not key into the ROLE OF Key in the process of selecting process; may be tests as well as in drawing EVALUATOR conclusions substituted Requires technician-like SKILL OF Typically requires an educated skills EVALUATIOR selection, skill in evaluation Entail logical problem-solving Typically yields a test OUTCOME approach to answer the score referral ques.

b)

3 FORMS OF ASSESSMENT: 1. COLLABORATIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT – assessor and assesse work as partners from initial contact through final feedback 2. THERAPEUTIC PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT – self-discovery and new understandings are encouraged throughout the assessment process 3. DYNAMIC PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT – follows a model (a) evaluation (b) intervention (a) evaluation. Provide a means for evaluating how the assesse processes or benefits from some type of intervention during the course of evaluation. Tools of Psychological Assessment A. The Test (a measuring device or procedure) 1. psychological test: a device or procedure designed to measure variables related to psychology (intelligence, personality, 2.

3.

aptitude, interests, attitudes, or values) format: refers to the form, plan, structure, arrangement, and layout of test items as well as to related considerations such as time limits. a) also referred to as the form in which a test is administered (pen and paper, computer, etc) Computers can generate scenerios. b) term is also used to denote the form or structure of other evaluative tools, and processes, such as the guidelines for creating a portfolio work sample Ways That tests differ from one another: a) administrative procedures (1) some test administers have an active knowledge (a) some test administration

(2)

involves demonstration of tasks (b) usually one-on-one (c) trained observation of assessee’s performance some test administers don’t even have to be present

c)

(a)

usually administered to larger groups (b) test takers complete tasks independently Scoring and interpretation procedures (1) score: a code or summary statement, usually (but not necessarily) numerical in nature, that reflects an evaluation of performance on a test, task, interview, or some other sample of behavior (2) scoring: process of assigning such evaluative codes/ statements to performance on tests, tasks, interviews, or other behavior samples. (3) different types of score: (a) cut score: reference point, usually numerical, derived by judgement and used to divide a set of data into two or more classifications. (i) sometimes reached without any formal method: in order to “eyeball”, teachers who decide what is passing and what is failing. (4) who scores it (a) self-scored by testtaker (b) computer (c) trained examiner psychometric soundness/ technical quality (1)

B.

psychometrics:the science of psychological measurement. (a) referring to to how consistently and how accurately a psychological test measures what it purports to measure. (2) utility: refers to the usefulness or practical value that a test or other tool of assessment has for a particular purpose. The Interview: method of gathering information through direct communication involving reciprocal exchange 1. interviewer in face-to-face is taking note of a) verbal language b) nonverbal language (1) body language movements (2)

2.

3.

4.

facial expressions in response to interviewer (3) the extent of eye contact (4) apparent willingness to cooperate c) how they are dressed (1) neat vs sloppy vs inappropriate interviewer over the phone taking note of a) changes in the interviewee’s voice pitch b) long pauses c) signs of emotion in response ways that interviews differ: a) length, purpose, and nature b) in order to help make diagnostic, treatment, selection, etc panel interview

a) C.

D.

E.

F.

G.

CHAPTER 1: PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING AND ASSESSMENT an interview conducted with one interviewee with more than one interviewer

The Portfolio 1. files of work products: paper, canvas, film, video, audio, etc 2. samples of ones abilities and accomplishments Case History Data: records, transcripts, and other accounts in written, pictorial or other form that preserve archival information, official and informal accounts, and other data and items relevant to assessee 1. sheds light on an individual's past and current adjustment as well as on events and circumstances that may have contributed to any changes in adjustment 2. provides information about neuropsychological functioning prior to the occurrence of a trauma or other event that results in a deficit. 3. insight into current academic and behavioral standing 4. useful in making judgments for future class placements 5. Case history Study: a report or illustrative account concerning person or an event that was compiled on the basis of case history data a) might shed light on how one individual’s personality and particular set of environmental conditions combined to produce a successful world leader. b) groupthink: work on a social psychological phenomenon: contains rich case history material on collective decision making that did not always result in the best decisions. Behavioral Observation: monitoring the actions of others or oneself by visual or electronic means while recording quantitative and/or qualitative information regarding those actions. 1. often used as a diagnostic aid in various settings: inpatient facilities, behavioral research laboratories, classrooms. 2. naturalistic observation: behavioral observation that takes place in a naturally occurring setting (as opposed to a research laboratory) for the purpose of evaluation and informationgathering. 3. in practice tends to be used most frequently by researchers in settings such as classrooms, clinics, prisons, etc. Role- Play Tests 1. role play: acting an improvised or partially improvised part in a simulated situation. 2. role-play test: tool of assessment wherein assessees are directed to act as if they were in a particular situation. Assessees are then evaluated with regard to their expressed thoughts, behaviors, abilities, etc Computers as tools 1. local processing: on site computerized scoring, interpretation, or other conversion of raw test data; contrast w/ CP and teleprocessing 2. central processing: computerized scoring, interpretation, or other conversion of raw data that is physically transported from the same or other test sites; contrast w/ LP and teleprocessing. 3. teleprocessing: computerized scoring, interpretation, or other conversion of raw test data sent over telephone lines by modem from a test site to a central location for computer processing. contrast with CP and LP 4. simple score report: a type of scoring report that provides only a listing of scores 5. extended scoring report: a type of scoring report that provides a listing of scores AND statistical data. 6. interpretive report: a formal or official computer-generated account of test performance presented in both numeric and narrative form and including an explanation of the findings; a) the three varieties of interpretive report are

7.

H.

(1) descriptive (2) screening (3) consultative b) some contain relatively little interpretation and simply call attention to certain high, low, or unusual scores that needed to be focused on. c) consultative report: A type of interpretive report designed to provide expert and detailed analysis of test data that mimics the work of an expert consultant. d) integrative report: a form of interpretive report of psychological assessment, usually computergenerated, in which data from behavioral, medical, administrative, and/or other sources are integrated CAPA: computer assisted psychological assessment. (assistance to the test user not the test taker) a) enables test developers to create psychometrically sound tests using complex mathematical procedures and calculations. b) enables test users the construction of tailor-made test with built-in scoring and interpretive capabilities. c) Pros: (1) test administrators have greater access to potential test users because of the global reach of the internet. (2) scoring and interpretation of test data tend to be quicker than for paper-andpencil tests (3) costs associated with internet testing tend to be lower than costs associated with paper-and-pencil tests (4) the internet facilitates the testing of otherwise isolated populations, as well as people with disabilities for whom getting to a test center might prove as a hardship. (5) greener: conserves paper, shipping materials etc. d) Cons: (1) test client integrity (a) refers to the verification of the

identity of the test taker when a test is administered online (b) also refers to the sometimes varying interests of the test taker vs that of the test administrator. The test taker might have access to notes, aids, internet resources etc. (c) internet testing is only testing, not assessment 8. CAT: computerized adaptive testing: an interactive, computeradministered test taking process wherein items presented to the test taker are based in part on the test taker's performance on previous items a) EX: on a computerized test of academic abilities, the computer might be programmed to switch from testing math skills to English skills after three consecutive failures on math items. Other Tools 1. DVD- how would you respond to the events that take place in the video a) sexual harassment in the workplace b) respond to various types of emergencies

CHAPTER 1: PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING AND ASSESSMENT How are Assessments Conducted? c) diagnosis/treatment plan for clients on videotape 2. thermometers, biofeedback, etc  protocol: the form or sheet or booklet on which a testtaker’s responses are entered. TEST DEVELOPER o term might also be used to refer to a description of a set of  They are the one who create tests. test- or assessment- related procedures, as in the sentence  They conceive, prepare, and develop tests. They also find a way to , “the examiner dutifully followed the complete protocol disseminate their tests, by publishing them either commercially or for the stress interview” through professional publications such as books or periodicals.  rapport: working relationship between the examiner and the TEST USER examinee  They select or decide to take a specific test off the shelf and use it for some purpose. They may also participate in other roles, e.g., as examiners or scorers. ASSESSEMENT OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITITES TEST TAKER  Define who requires alternate assessement, how such assessment are  Anyone who is the subject of an assessment to be conducted and how meaningful inferences are to be drawn from  Test taker may vary on a continuum with respect to numerous the data derived from such assessment variables including:  Accommodation – adaptation of a test, procedure or situation or the o The amount of anxiety they experience & the degree to substitution of one test for another to make the assessment more suitable for an assesee with exceptional needs. which the test anxiety might affect the results o The extent to which they understand & agree with the  Translate it into Braillee and administere in that form.  Alternate assessment – evaluative or diagnostic procedure or process rationale of the assessment that varies from the usual, customary, or standardized way a o Their capacity & willingness to cooperate measurement is derived either by virtue of some special o Amount of physical pain/emotional distress they are accommodation made to the assesee by means of alternative experiencing methods o Amount of physical discomfort  Consider these four variables on which of many different types of o Extent to which they are alert & wide awake accommodation should be employed: o Extent to which they are predisposed to agreeing or o The capabilities of the assesse disagreeing when presented with stimulus o The purpose of the assessment o The extent to which they have received prior coaching o The meaning attached to test scores o May attribute to portraying themselves in a good light o The capabilities of the assessor  Psychological autopsy – reconstruction of a deceased individual’s REFERENCE SOURCES psychological profile on the basis of archival records, artifacts, &  TEST CATALOUGES – contains brief description of the test interviews previously conducted with the deceased assesee  TEST MANUALS – detailed information TYPES OF SETTINGS  REFERENCE VOLUMES – one stop shopping, provides detailed  EDUCATIONAL SETTING information for each test listed, including test publisher, author, o achievement test: evaluation of accomplishments or the purpose, intended test population and test administration time degree of learning that has taken place, usually with regard  JOURNAL ARTICLES – contain reviews of the test to an academic area.  ONLINE DATABASES – most widely used bibliographic databases o diagnosis: a description or conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and opinion though a process of distinguishing TYPES OF TESTS the nature of something and ruling out alternative  INDIVIDUAL TEST – those given to only one person at a time  GROUP TEST – administered to more than one person at a time by conclusions. single examiner o diagnostic test: a tool used to make a diagnosis, usually to  ABILITY TESTS: identify areas of deficit to be targeted for intervention o ACHIEVEMENT TESTS – refers to previous learning (ex. o informal evaluation: A typically non systematic, relatively Spelling) brief, and “off the record” assessment leading to the o APTITUDE/PROGNOSTIC – refers to the potential for formation of an opinion or attitude, conducted by any learning or acquiring a specific skill o INTELLIGENCE TESTS – refers to a person’s general person in any way for any reason, in an unofficial context potential to solve problems and not subject to the same ethics or standards as  PERSONALITY TESTS: refers to overt and covert dispositions evaluation by a professiomal o OBJECTIVE/STRUCTURED TESTS – usually self-report,  CLINICAL SETTING require the subject to choose between two or more o these tools are used to help screen for or diagnose alternative responses behavior problems o PROJECTIVE/UNSTRUCTURED TESTS – refers to all possible o group testing is used primarily for screening: identifying uses, applications and underlying concepts of psychological those individuals who require further diagnostic and educational tests evaluation. o INTEREST TESTS –  COUNSELING SETTING o schools,prisons, and governmental or privately owned institutions o ultimate objective: the improvement of the assessee in terms of adjustment, productivity, or some related variable.  GERIATRIC SETTING o quality of life: in psychological assesment, an evaluation of variables such as perceived stress,lonliness, sources of satisfaction, personal values, quality of living conditions, and quality of friendships and other social support.  

BUSINESS AND MILITARY SETTINGS GOVERNMENTAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL CREDENTIALING

CHAPTER 2: HISTORICAL, CULTURAL AND LEGAL/ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE testakers from young children through senior adulthood. 19TH CENTURY B. THE MEASUREMENT OF PERSONALITY  Tests and testing programs first came into being in China o Field of psychology was being too test oriented  Testing was instituted as a means of selecting who, of many applicants o Clinical psychology was synonymous to mental testing would obtain government jobs (Civil service)  The job applicants are tested on proficiency in endeavors such as o ROBERT WOODWORTH – develop a measure of music, archery, knowledge and skill etc. adjustment and emotional stability that could be GRECO-ROMAN WRITINGS (Middle Ages) administered quickly and efficiently to groups of recruits  World of evilness  To disguise the true purpose of the test,  Deficiency in some bodily fluid as a factor believed to influence questionnaire was labeled as Personal Data personality Sheet  Hippocrates and Galen  He called it Woodworth Psychoneurotic RENAISSANCE Inventory – first widely used self-report test of  Christian von Wolff – anticipated psychology as a science and personality psychological measurement as a specialty within that science o Self-report test: CHARLES DARWIN AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES  Advantages:  Tests designed to measure these individual differences in ability and  Respondents best qualified personality among people  Disadvantages:  “Origin of Species” chance variation in species would be selected or  Poor insight into self rejected by nature according to adaptivity and survival value. “survival  One might honestly believe of the fittest” something about self that isn’t true FRANCIS GALTON  Unwillingness to report seemingly  Explore and quantify individual differences between people. negative qualities  Classify people “according to their natural gifts” o Projective test: individual is assumed to project onto some  Displayed the first anthropometric laboratory ambiguous stimulus (inkblot, photo, etc.) his or her own KARL PEARSON unique needs, fears, hopes, and motivations  Developed the product moment correlation technique.  Ex.) Rorschack inkblot  His work can be traced directly from Galton o WILHEM MAX WUNDT C. THE ACADEMIC AND APPLIED TRADITIONS  First experimental psychology laboratory in University of Leipzig  Focuses more on relating to how people were similar, not different Culture and Assessment from each other. JAMES MCKEEN CATELL Culture: ‘the socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, and products of work  Individual differences in reaction time f a particular population, community, or group of people’  Coined the term mental test CHARLES SPEARMAN Evolving Interest in Culture-Related Issues  Originating the concept of test reliability as well as building the Goddard tested immigrants and found most to be feebleminded mathematical framework for the statistical technique of factor -invalid; overestimated mental deficiency, even in native Englishanalysis speakers VICTOR HENRI Lead to nature-nurture debate about what intelligence tests actually measure  Frenchman who collaborated with Binet on papers suggesting how Needed to “isolate” the cultural variable mental tests could be used to measure higher mental processes Culture-specific tests: tests designed for use with ppl from one culture, but not EMIL KRAEPELIN from another  Early experimenter of word association technique as a formal test -minorities still scored abnormally low LIGHTNER WITMER ex.) loaf of bread vs. tortillas  “Little known founder of clinical psychology” today tests undergo many steps to ensure its suitable for said nation  Founded the first psychological clinic in the U.S. -take testtakers reactions into account PSYCHE CATELL  Daughter of James Cattell Some Issues Regarding Culture and Assessment  Cattel Infant Intelligence Scale (CIIS) & Measurement of Intelligence in  Verbal Communication Infants and Young Children o Examiner and examinee must speak the same language RAYMOND CATTELL o Especially tricky with infrequently used vocabulary or  Believed in lexical approach to defining person...