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The equation sheet for Chem1111...

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CHEMISTRY 1 EXAMINATIONS - JUNE 2018

DATA SHEET Physical constants Avogadro constant, NA = 6.022 × 1023 mol–1 Faraday constant, F = 96485 C mol–1 Planck constant, h = 6.626 × 10–34 J s Speed of light in vacuum, c = 2.998 × 108 m s–1 Rydberg constant, ER = 2.18 × 10–18 J Boltzmann constant, kB = 1.381 × 10–23 J K–1 Permittivity of a vacuum, ε0 = 8.854 × 10–12 C2 J–1 m–1 Gas constant, R = 8.314 J K–1 mol–1 = 0.08206 L atm K–1 mol–1 Charge of electron, e = 1.602 × 10–19 C Mass of electron, me = 9.1094 × 10–31 kg Mass of proton, mp = 1.6726 × 10–27 kg Mass of neutron, mn = 1.6749 × 10–27 kg Properties of matter Volume of 1 mole of ideal gas at 1 atm and 25 °C = 24.5 L Volume of 1 mole of ideal gas at 1 atm and 0 °C = 22.4 L Density of water at 298 K = 0.997 g cm–3 Specific heat capacity of liquid water = 4.181 kJ / kg °C

Conversion factors 1 atm = 760 mmHg = 101.3 kPa = 1.013 bar 0 °C = 273 K 1 L = 10–3 m3 1 Å = 10–10 m 1 eV = 1.602 × 10–19 J Decimal fractions Fraction Prefix Symbol –3

1 Ci = 3.70 × 1010 Bq 1 Hz = 1 s–1 1 tonne = 103 kg 1 W = 1 J s–1 1 J = 1 kg m2 s–2 Decimal multiples Multiple Prefix Symbol 3

kilo

k

10 109

6

mega giga

M G

10 12

tera

T

10 –6 10 –9 10

milli

m

10

micro nano

µ n

10–12

pico

p

CHEMISTRY 1 EXAMINATIONS - JUNE 2018

Standard Reduction Potentials, E° Reaction Co3+(aq) + e– → Co2+(aq)

E° / V +1.82

Ce4+(aq) + e– → Ce 3+(aq) Au+(aq) + e– → Au(aq) Pb4+(aq) + 2e– → Pb2+(aq)

+1.72 +1.69 +1.69

MnO4–(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e– → Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O

+1.51

Au3+(aq) + 3e– → Au(s)

+1.50

Cl2 + 2e– → 2Cl–(aq) +

–

+1.36

O2 + 4H (aq) + 4e → 2H2O

+1.23

Pt2+(aq) + 2e– → Pt(s)

+1.18

MnO2(s) + 4H+(aq) + e– → Mn3+ + 2H2O

+0.96

NO3–(aq) + 4H +(aq) + 3e– → NO(g) + 2H2O

+0.96

Pd2+(aq) + 2e – → Pd(s)

+0.92

NO3–(aq) + 10H+ (aq) + 8e– → NH4+(aq) + 3H2O

+0.88

+

–

Ag (aq) + e → Ag(s)

+0.80

Fe 3+(aq) + e– → Fe2+ (aq)

+0.77

I2 + 2e– → 2I– (aq)

+0.54 +0.53

Cu+(aq) + e– → Cu(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2e– → Cu(s) 4+

–

2+

+0.34

Sn (aq) + 2e → Sn (aq)

+0.15

2H+(aq) + 2e– → H2(g)

0 (by definition)

Fe 3+(aq) + 3e – → Fe(s)

–0.04

Pb2+(aq) + 2e – → Pb(s)

–0.126

Sn2+(aq) + 2e – → Sn(s)

–0.136

Ni 2+(aq) + 2e – → Ni(s)

–0.24

2+

–

Co (aq) + 2e → Co(s)

–0.28

Cd2+(aq) + 2e – → Cd(s)

–0.40

2CO2(g) + 2H+(aq) –+ 2e– → H2C2O4(aq)

-0.43 –0.44

Fe2+(aq) + 2e– → Fe(s) Cr3+(aq) + 3e– → Cr(s)

–0.74

Zn2+(aq) + 2e– → Zn(s)

–0.76

2H2O + 2e– → H2(g) + 2OH–(aq)

–0.83

Cr 2+(aq) + 2e – → Cr(s)

–0.89

Al 3+(aq) + 3e – → Al(s)

–1.68

Mg2+(aq) + 2e – → Mg(s)

–2.36

Na+ (aq) + e– → Na(s) 2+

–

–2.71

Ca (aq) + 2e → Ca(s)

–2.87

K+(aq) ) + e– → K(s)

–2.94 –3.04

Li+(aq) + e– → Li(s)

CHEMISTRY 1 EXAMINATIONS - JUNE 2018

Useful formulas Quantum Chemistry

Electrochemistry

E = hν = hc/λ

∆G° = –nFE°

λ = h/mv

Moles of e– = It/F

E = –Z2ER(1/n2)

E = E° – (RT/nF) × lnQ E° = (RT/nF) × lnK

∆x⋅∆(mv) ≥ h/4π 2

–8

q = 4πr × 5.67 × 10 × T

4

6

E = E° –

T λ = 2.898 × 10 K nm

0.0592 logQ (at 25 °C) n

Gas Laws

Acids and Bases +

pH = –log[H ]

PV = nRT

pKw = pH + pOH = 14.00

(P + n2a/V2)(V – nb) = nRT

pKw = pKa + pKb = 14.00

Ek = ½mv2

–

pH = pKa + log{[A ] / [HA]} Radioactivity

Kinetics

t½ = ln2/k

t½ = ln2/k

A = kN

k = Ae–Ea/RT

ln(N0/Nt) = kt

ln[A] = ln[A]0 – kt

14

C age = 8033 ln(A0/At) years

ln

k2 Ea 1 1 = ( - ) k1 R T1 T 2

Colligative Properties & Solutions

Thermodynamics & Equilibrium

Π = cRT

∆G° = ∆H° – T∆S°

Psolution = Xsolvent × P°solvent

∆G = ∆G° + RT lnQ

c = kp

∆G° = –RT lnK

∆Tf = Kfm

∆univS° = R lnK

∆Tb = Kbm Miscellaneous

A = –log

I I0

A = εcl

Mathematics

If ax2 + bx + c = 0, then x = ln x = 2.303 log x

2

E = –A

∆ K p = K c ( RT ) n

e NA 4πε0 r

Area of circle = πr2 Surface area of sphere = 4πr2

−b ±

b2 − 4ac 2a

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

1

2

HYDROGEN

HELIUM

H

He

1.008

4.003

5

6

7

8

9

LITHIUM

3

BERYLLIUM

4

BORON

CARBON

NITROGEN

OXYGEN

FLUORINE

10 NEON

Li

Be

B

C

N

O

F

Ne

6.941

9.012

10.81

12.01

14.01

16.00

19.00

20.18

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

SODIUM

MAGNESIUM

ALUMINIUM

SILICON

PHOSPHORUS

SULFUR

CHLORINE

ARGON

Mg

Al

Si

P

S

Cl

Ar

24.31

26.98

28.09

30.97

32.07

35.45

39.95

19

20

22

23

24

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

34

35

36

POTASSIUM

CALCIUM

SCANDIUM

TITANIUM

VANADIUM

CHROMIUM

MANGANESE

IRON

COBALT

NICKEL

COPPER

ZINC

GALLIUM

GERMANIUM

ARSENIC

SELENIUM

BROMINE

KRYPTON

K

Ca

21 Sc

Ti

V

Cr

Mn

Fe

Co

Ni

Cu

Zn

Ga

Ge

As

Se

Br

Kr

39.10

40.08

44.96

47.88

50.94

52.00

54.94

55.85

58.93

58.69

63.55

65.39

69.72

72.59

74.92

78.96

79.90

83.80

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

RUBIDIUM

STRONTIUM

TECHNETIUM

RUTHENIUM

RHODIUM

PALLADIUM

SILVER

CADMIUM

INDIUM

TIN

TELLURIUM

IODINE

XENON

YTTRIUM

ZIRCONIUM

NIOBIUM

MOLYBDENUM

25

33

ANTIMONY

Rb

Sr

Y

Zr

Nb

Mo

Tc

Ru

Rh

Pd

Ag

Cd

In

Sn

Sb

Te

I

Xe

85.47

87.62

88.91

91.22

92.91

95.94

[98.91]

101.07

102.91

106.4

107.87

112.40

114.82

118.69

121.75

127.60

126.90

131.30

55

56

57-71

81

82

CAESIUM

BARIUM

72

73

HAFNIUM

TANTALUM

74 TUNGSTEN

75

76

77

78

79

80

RHENIUM

OSMIUM

IRIDIUM

PLATINUM

GOLD

MERCURY

THALLIUM

LEAD

83 BISMUTH

84

85

86

POLONIUM

ASTATINE

RADON

Cs

Ba

Hf

Ta

W

Re

Os

Ir

Pt

Au

Hg

Tl

Pb

Bi

Po

At

Rn

132.91

137.34

178.49

180.95

183.85

186.2

190.2

192.22

195.09

196.97

200.59

204.37

207.2

208.98

[210.0]

[210.0]

[222.0]

106

107

108

109

BOHRIUM

HASSIUM

MEITNERIUM

87

88

FRANCIUM

RADIUM

89-103

104

105

RUTHERFORDIUM

DUBNIUM

SEABORGIUM

110 DARMSTADTIUM

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

ROENTGENIUM

COPERNICIUM

NIHONIUM

FLEROVIUM

MOSCOVIUM

LIVERMORIUM

TENNESSINE

OGANESSON

Fr

Ra

Rf

Db

Sg

Bh

Hs

Mt

Ds

Rg

Cn

Nh

Fl

Mc

Lv

Ts

Og

[223.0]

[226.0]

[263]

[268]

[271]

[274]

[270]

[278]

[281]

[281]

[285]

[286]

[289]

[290]

[293]

[294]

[294]

LANTHANOIDS

ACTINOIDS

57

58

LANTHANUM

CERIUM

59 PRASEODYMIUM

60 NEODYMIUM

61 PROMETHIUM

62

63

64

65

66

67

SAMARIUM

EUROPIUM

GADOLINIUM

TERBIUM

DYSPROSIUM

HOLMIUM

68 ERBIUM

69

70

71

THULIUM

YTTERBIUM

LUTETIUM

La

Ce

Pr

Nd

Pm

Sm

Eu

Gd

Tb

Dy

Ho

Er

Tm

Yb

Lu

138.91

140.12

140.91

144.24

[144.9]

150.4

151.96

157.25

158.93

162.50

164.93

167.26

168.93

173.04

174.97

89

90

91

92

93

ACTINIUM

THORIUM

PROTACTINIUM

URANIUM

NEPTUNIUM

94 PLUTONIUM

95

96

97

98

99

100

AMERICIUM

CURIUM

BERKELLIUM

CALIFORNIUM

EINSTEINIUM

FERMIUM

101 MENDELEVIUM

102 NOBELIUM

103 LAWRENCIUM

Ac

Th

Pa

U

Np

Pu

Am

Cm

Bk

Cf

Es

Fm

Md

No

Lr

[227.0]

232.04

[231.0]

238.03

[237.0]

[239.1]

[243.1]

[247.1]

[247.1]

[252.1]

[252.1]

[257.1]

[256.1]

[259.1]

[260.1]

CHEMISTRY 1 EXAMINATIONS

Na 22.99...