CHECKED AND GRADED Study Guide for Industrialization and Economic Development PDF

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Checked and GRADED study guide for development unit -- all questions answered and changed to correct answers. ...

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Study Guide: Industrialization and Economic Development Directions: Below is a list of terms that will appear on Wednesday’s unit test. I recommend that you divide and conquer by creating a group study guide. Group members can each contribute.

1. Agglomeration and de-glomeration a. Agglomeration: A built up area of a city region that typically has a niche in terms of employment. ex: Silicon Valley - Technology b. De-glomeration: The process of industrial deconcentrating in response to technological advances and/or increasing costs due to congestion and competition. ex: Detroit, Michigan 2. Brain drain and brain gain a. Brain drain: Large-scale emigration of highly educated workers. b. Brain gain: Opening up new opportunities and bringing business experience and special skills. 3. Break-in-bulk point a. Place where goods are transferred from one mode of transportation to another. 4. Brownfields and brownfield remediation a. Brownfields: Abandoned, idled, or underused industrial or commercial facility in which redevelopment is burdened by environmental contamination. b. Brownfield remediation: A way to revitalize and spur economic development in communities and promote sustainability. 5. Coal a. A nonrenewable resource that countries like the U.S. and China commonly use for their energy consumption. 6. Commodity chain a. A process used by companies to gather resources, transform the resources into commodities, and then distribute them to consumers. 7. Comparative advantage a. the principle that an area produces the items for which it has the greatest ratio of advantage or the least ratio of disadvantage in comparison to other areas, assuming free trade exists 8. Complementarity a. When two regions can satisfy each other’s demands through trade/economic relations. 9. Conservation a. The sustainable use and management of a natural resource by consuming it at a less rapid pace than it can be replaced. 10. Containerization a. The shipment of goods from country to country in shipping receptacles on ports called containers. Typically moved onto boats for transportation. 11. Corporate parks and business parks a. Corporate parks: An area where lots of big name businesses are located ex: Along 28 b. Business parks: An area where many office buildings are groups together. 12. Deindustrialization a. The decline of industrial activity in an area. Ex: Detroit, The Rust Belt 13. Economic restructuring

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A multidimensional process of change in the nation’s economy. 1) the transition from a manufacturing-based economy to a service based-economy. 2)increasing globalization 3) technological change 4) the increasing concentration of capital in the hands of few. Ecotourism - A form of tourism, based on the enjoyment of scenic areas or natural wonders, that aims to provide an experience of nature or culture in an environmentally sustainable way. Environmental justice - the concept that environmental laws and regulations should apply to all areas, regardless of the racial or ethnic composition of a location Industrial Pollution- Minamata Disease (Japan) Ethanol - A fuel made from corn and wheat that is used like gasoline and is a renewable resource. *Alternative Energy Crop European Union (EU) - an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members Export processing zones (EPZs) - Zones established by many countries in the periphery and semi-periphery where that offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to attract foreign trade/investments Fair trade - promoting sustainability. The movement advocates the payment of a fair price as well as social and environmental standards in areas related to the production of a wide variety of goods. Footloose industry - Industry in which the cost of transporting both raw materials and finished product is not important for the location of firms. Foreign direct investment (FDI) - investments made by a foreign company in the economy of another country Formal and informal economy - Formal Economy The legal economy that is taxed and monitored by a government and is included in a government's gross national product; as opposed to an informal economy - Informal Economy Economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that governments Gross National Product; as opposed to a formal economy Fossil fuels - an energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago. When they are burned, the energy from the plants and animals is released. Free trade and free trade zones - Free Trade Zones: no tariffs between countries --> special zones in which all trade barriers between two countries are eliminated. The FTZs usually consist of labor intensive manufacturing plants, such as the maquiladoras - Free Trade: international trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions. Friction of distance a. based on the notion that distance usually requires some amount of effort, money, and/or energy to overcome. Because of this "friction," spatial interactions will tend to

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take place more often over shorter distances; quantity of interaction will decline with distance. Gender equity in the workforce (in terms of wages and employment opportunities) a. Wages: Compared to men, women make less b. Employment Opportunities: In MDC’s, women have more opportunities to work. In, LDC’s the opportunities are limited. Gender Inequality Index (GII) a. A measure of the extent of each country gender inequality. Gini coefficient a. The Gini coefficient main advantage is that it is a measure of inequality by means of a ratio analysis, rather than a variable unrepresentative of most of the population, such as per capita income or gross domestic product Gravity model a. Predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) a. the total value of goods and services produced in a year in a given country. The value varies greatly between MDCs and LDCs and is one of the best indicators of development. Fast growth of GDP is a major goal of all countries Gross National Product (GNP) a. similar to GDP except that includes income that people earn abroad. High-tech corridors a. Areas along or near major transportation arteries that are devoted to the research, development and sale of high-technology products. These areas develop because of the networking and synergistic advantages of concentrating high-technology enterprises in close proximity to one another. "Silicon Valley" is a prime example. Human Development Index (HDI) a. Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by the United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy. Hydroelectric power a. Power generated from moving water. Industrial Revolution a. series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. Infrastructure a. the basic structure or features of a system or organization Intermodal connections a. Places where two or more modes of transportation meet (including air, road, rail, barge, and ship) International Monetary Fund (IMF) a. An international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., of "189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world. Intervening opportunities a. The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away. Iron

a. A strong, hard magnetic silvery-gray metal 41. Maquiladoras a. Built by U.S. companies in Mexico near the U.S. border, to take advantage of much lower labor laws. 42. Microfinance/microcredit/microloans a. Provision of small loans and other financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries. 43. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) a. A declaration with the goal of improving the living conditions of people in the least developed countries. The goals were: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, achieve universal primary education, promote gender equality and empower women, reduce child mortality, improve maternal health, Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases, ensure environmental sustainability, Develop a global partnership for development. 44. New international division of labor aka global division of labor a. Phenomenon whereby corporations and others can draw from labor markets around the world; made possible through improvements in communication and transportation systems (resulting in time-space compression). 45. Newly industrialized countries (NICs) a. Historically less-developed countries that has experienced significant economic growthSouth Korea, Mexico, Brazil. 46. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) a. Agreement entered into by Canada, Mexico, and the US in December, 1992 and which took effect on January 1, 1994, to eliminate the barriers to trade in, and facilitate the cross-border movement of goods and services between the countries. 47. Nuclear power a. Electric or motive power generated by a nuclear reactor. 48. Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) a. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Purpose: to control worldwide prices of gas. 49. Outsourcing a. Obtain (goods or a service) from an outside or foreign supplier, especially in place of an internal source. 50. Per capita: For each person; in relation to people taken individually. 51. Petroleum use: Petroleum use relates to income, MDC such as the United States use the most petroleum. 52. Postindustrial landscape: The landscape of an area after deindustrialization 53. Preservation: the action of preserving something. 54. Renewable resources and non-renewable resources: Resources that can be renewed, also nonrenewable resources are fossil fuels. 55. Rostow’s stages of economic growth: 5 stages a. Traditional society. b. Preconditions for take-off. c. Take-off. d. Drive to maturity. e. Age of high mass consumption. 56. Rust Belt: parts of the northeastern and Midwestern US that are characterized by declining industry

57. Sectors of the economy (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, and quandary): Apart from

the sectors like primary, or production of raw materials, secondary, or converting the raw materials into usable goods, and tertiary, focused on service delivery, we now have quaternary and quandary sectors defined. ... Chefs, daycare providers, and cleaning services are types of quandary businesses. 58. Solar energy: Energy gathered from the, refers to any phenomenon that alters the qualities of and relationship between space and time. 59. Space-time compression: 60. Special economic zones (SEZs) a. specific area within a country in which tax and investment incentives are implemented to attract foreign (and domestic) businesses and investment. 61. Sustainable development a. The level of development that can be maintained in a country without depleting resources to the extent that future generations will be unable to achieve a comparable level of development 62. Sustainable tourism - ECOTOURISM?? a. A form of tourism that supports the conservation and sustainable development of ecologically unique areas. 63. Tar sands a. Oil rich sand. Contains bitumen, sand, clay, and water. Dirty source of fuel. 64. Techno poles a. Centers or nodes of high-technology research and activity around which a hightechnology corridor is sometimes established. 65. Variable costs a. Costs such as energy supply, transport expenses, labor costs, and other costs relating to the industrialization of an area. 66. Wallenstein’s world-systems theory (core, periphery, and semi-periphery) a. Countries do not exist in isolation but are part of an intertwined world system in which all countries are dependent on each other. Because the World Systems Theory includes both political and economic elements. Divided in core, semi periphery and periphery.

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67. Weber’s model of industrial location a. (Least Cost Theory) Leaning heavily on work developed by the relatively unknown Wilhelm Launhardt, Alfred Weber formulated a least cost theory of industrial location which tries to explain and predict the locational pattern of the industry at a macro-scale. It emphasizes that firms seek a site of minimum transport and labor cost. 68. Weight/bulk gaining industry and weight/bulk losing industry a. Bulk-gaining industries - An industry that makes something that gains in volume or weight during production i. To minimize transport costs, bulk-gaining industries are located near where the product is sold ii. Examples: Steel, Cars, Soda (drinks), Bread

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Bulk-reducing (or bulk-losing) industries - An industry in which the inputs weigh more than the final product i. To minimize transport costs, bulk-reducing industries are located near its sources of inputs ii. Examples: Meat, Furniture, Clothing, Paper, processed food 69. Wind energy a. Sustainable energy based on wind power. 70. World Bank a. The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans to countries of the world for capital programs. It comprises two institutions: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), and the International Development Association (IDA). 71. World Trade Organization (WTO) a. The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world's trading nations and ratified in their parliaments.

1. The Brandt line, pictured above, divides the Global North and the Global South. ________________Rich______________ countries are generally located north of _____°N and ___________________Poor_________ countries are generally located south of _____°N.

Also, I highly recommend that you study pp. 38-40 of the AP Human Geography Course Description at https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/pdf/ap-human-geography-course-description.pdf (Look at the page numbers in the lower right-hand corner of the document.)...