Chem 101 Lab Manuel PDF

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CHEMISTRY 101 and 103 LABORATORY MANUAL (Introductory University Chemistry I) See FIRST DAY OF LABORATORY on page 15 for a list of work to be completed before coming to your first lab session

2021 – 2022 Edition

PRINTED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA COPYRIGHT DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY THE UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA EDMONTON, ALBERTA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This laboratory manual results from the efforts and contributions of many people in the Chemistry Department of the University of Alberta, and at other institutions at which this manual is/has been used. We offer our sincere thanks to all these people and especially to Dr Thomas G. Davies who was the Director of the 10X Labs from 1971 to 1993 and to Dr Norman Gee who replaced him till July 2017. This Manual was edited and revised from last year’s edition by Margaret Sisley and Yoram Apelblat. The section STANDARD SAFETY PROCEDURES FOR CHEMISTRY UNDERGRADUATE LABS has been provided by the Chemistry Department Safety Committee.

Chem 101/3 manual – 2021-22 online version

2 COURSE STAFF Course Coordinator

Dr. Arthur Mar

Laboratory Director:

Dr. Yoram Apelblat

Room: Chemistry E4-40 E-mail: [email protected] Room: Chemistry E2-34B E-mail: [email protected]

Storeroom:

Dr. Margaret Sisley

Room: Chemistry W2-32

Your Name: _____________________________________________________________ Your Lecturer: ___________________________________________________________ Your Lecturer's office:_____________________________________________________ Your Laboratory Instructor: ________________________________________________ Your Laboratory Instructor's Office and E-mail: ________________________________

TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword and Welcome ............................................................................................................... 5 Chemistry 101 Laboratory Schedule Fall Term 2021 .................................................................. 6 Chemistry 101 Laboratory Schedule Winter Term 2022 ............................................................. 7 Chemistry 103 Laboratory Schedule Fall Term 2021 .................................................................. 8 Chemistry 103 Laboratory Schedule Winter Term 2022 ............................................................. 9 Safety In The Laboratory ........................................................................................................... 10 First Day of Laboratory .............................................................................................................. 15 Code of Student Behaviour ...................................................................................................... 16 Laboratory Procedures ............................................................................................................... 17 A.

Check-in ................................................................................................................ 17

B.

Replacement of Broken or Lost Equipment .......................................................... 17

C.

Leaving the Laboratory ......................................................................................... 17 Apparatus List - 2021 - 2022 ................................................................................. 18

D.

Check-out Procedures ............................................................................................ 20

Assessment ................................................................................................................................. 21 A.

Attendance and Absences from Labs ................................................................ 21 Chem 101/3 manual – 2021-22 online version

3 B.

Laboratory Marks .................................................................................................. 24

C.

Laboratory Exams ................................................................................................. 27

D.

Deadlines ............................................................................................................... 28

Handling Laboratory Apparatus ................................................................................................. 29 A.

Top-Loading Balance ............................................................................................ 29

B.

The Use of the Bunsen Burner .............................................................................. 29

C.

Cleaning Glassware ............................................................................................... 30

D.

Volume Measurement ........................................................................................... 30

E.

F.

1.

Use of a Buret ............................................................................................ 31

2.

Use of a Volumetric Flask ......................................................................... 32

3.

Use of a Pipet ............................................................................................ 32

How to Use pH Meters .......................................................................................... 34 1.

Use of Analytical Measurements Meters for pH Readings ....................... 34

2.

Use of Corning Model 5 pH Meters for pH Readings .............................. 34

3.

Use of Corning Model 120 pH Meters for pH Readings .......................... 35

4.

Use of Accumet 915 pH Meters for pH Readings ..................................... 35

5.

Use of VWR Model 8005 pH Meters for pH Readings ............................ 36

6.

Use of istek, Inc pH Meters for pH Readings ........................................... 36

7. 8.

Use of Denver UB-10 pH Meters for pH Readings .................................. 37 General Notes ............................................................................................ 38

Measurement of Voltages ...................................................................................... 38 1.

Use of Corning Model 120 pH Meter (digital readout) as a Voltmeter .... 38

2.

Use of Fisher Accumet as a Voltmeter ...................................................... 38

3.

Use of VWR 8005 as a Voltmeter ............................................................. 38

Treatment of Data in Calculations .............................................................................................. 39 A.

Propagation of Errors ............................................................................................ 39

B.

Significant Figures ................................................................................................ 39

C.

Graphs ................................................................................................................... 41

D.

Data Sheets ........................................................................................................... 43

EXPERIMENTS, CHEMISTRY 101/103 A - Calorimetry and CHECK-IN ................................................................................. A-1 B - Atoms and Line Spectra ......................................................................................... B-1 C - Stoichiometry And Reactions In Aqueous Solutions ............................................. C-1 F-

Analysis of Vitamin C In Tablets And In Tang© ................................................... Chem 101/3 manual – 2021-22 online version

4 F-1 I -

Bonding

and

Chemical

Properties

and

CHECK

OUT ............................................. I-1 L - Lab Exam ................................................................................................................ L-1 CHECK-OUT: will be done during the last lab for your course, i.e. after completing Experimet I. No other check-out time will be allowed. Welcome, Much of the technological advancement of our society occurred through the application of chemical knowledge to its complex problems. The central role of experimentation as the basis of chemistry is best appreciated by personal experience in the laboratory. No description of a chemical principle, no explanation of a chemical theory, and no systematic ordering of chemical data can give you first-hand knowledge of the effort required to obtain reliable experimental results. Your awareness of the complexity and difficulty in applying chemistry to the solution of problems will develop as you actively acquire and interpret measurements in your laboratory sessions. For this reason, the laboratory is an integral part of the Introductory University Chemistry curriculum. The experiments in this manual have been selected and designed to illustrate some of the basic concepts that will be taught in your lectures. They will give predictable and reasonably good results in the hands of a good experimentalist at the introductory university level. You will be able to reach satisfactory conclusions through careful observation and reasoning. If you have difficulties, your laboratory instructor or TA (Teaching Assistant for short) is available to help you with problems. However, it is your responsibility to carry out the experiment independently and to arrive at solutions through your own efforts. Rarely is a student successful in the course who is not successful in the laboratory. This is especially the case with a student who relies on others to solve every problem. You will benefit most from the laboratory if you have prepared in advance by studying the assigned material in the laboratory manual and related topics in the lecture textbook. It will be particularly useful for you to mentally review the sequence of operations to be performed and to identify the time-consuming steps and areas that might be hazardous. If you try to understand the chemical principle that underlies each step in the procedure, you will learn much from the laboratory; your understanding of chemistry and your enjoyment of the course will increase correspondingly. The chemistry laboratory is a potentially dangerous place if students fail to observe safety precautions. For this reason, all students are expected to read and to obey the simple rules of safety outlined in the section just inside the cover of this lab manual. In particular, Chem 101/3 manual – 2021-22 online version

5 you must wear personal protective gear (safety glasses, lab coat, feet covering) at all times in the laboratory. NO BARE SKIN can show on your legs, ankles or feet. See FIRST DAY OF LABORATORY on page 15 for a list of work to be completed before coming to your first lab session. Chemistry 101 Laboratory Schedule September to December 2021 (If you are starting Chem 101 in January 2022, use the schedule on page 7.) Engineering students should use the Chem 103 schedules on pp. 8 to 9. The letters in this Table (A, B etc) refer to the Experiment to be done. The numbers 1, 2, 3 or 4 refer to your Group number (e.g. R1, Z1, etc. are in Group 1, S2, U2, etc. are in Group 2, P3 is in group 3 and P4 in group 4). For example, 2/4-A means that group 2 and group 4 students would do Experiment A on that day. Week of

Monday

Sept

1-3

Sept

6-10

Sept Sept

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

lectures start Wednesday September 1 1-A

1/3-A

1-A

1-A

13-17

2-A

2/4-A

2-A

2-A

20-24

1-B

1/3-B

1-B

1-B

Sept 27 – Oct 1

2-B

2/4-B

2-B

2-B

Oct

4-8

1-C

1/3-C

1-C

1-C

Oct

11-15

2-C

2/4-C

2-C

2-C

Labour Day

Closed* Thanksgiving

Oct

18-22

1-F

1/3-F

1-F

1-F

Oct

25-29

2-F

2/4-F

2-F

2-F

Nov

1-5

1-I

1/3-I

1-I

1-I

Nov

8-12

Nov

15-19

2-I

2/4-I

2-I

2-I

Nov

22-26

** 1-L

** 1/3-L

** 1-L

** 1-L

** 2-L

** 2/4-L

** 2-L

** 2-L

Fall Term Break

Nov 29 – Dec 3

Dec 6-7 CHEM 101 Fall term (September to December 2021) September 1 Classes begin for Fall term. * October 11

Thanksgiving Day - University closed.

November 8-12

Fall Term Break – no classes Chem 101/3 manual – 2021-22 online version

6 ** November 23-December 3 Laboratory L, your Lab exam, will be held during your normal lab periods and in your usual lab rooms. Chemistry 101 Laboratory Schedule January to April 2022 (Use the Chem 101 schedule on page 6 if you are starting Chem 101 in September 2021.) Engineering students should use the Chem 103 schedules on pp. 8 to 9. The numbers 5, 6, 7 or 8 refer to your Group number (e.g. R5, Z5, etc. are in Group 5 and S6, U6, etc. are in Group 6, P7 in group 7 and P8 in group 8) and the letter refers to the experiment to be done. For example, 6/8-A means that group 6 and group 8 students would do Experiment A on that day.

Week of

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesda y

Thursday

lectures start Wednesday Jan 5, 2022 5-A 5/7-A 5-A

Friday

Jan Jan

3-7 10-14

Jan

17-21

6-A

6/8-A

6-A

6-A

Jan

24-28

5-B

5/7-B

5-B

5-B

Jan 31- Feb 4 Feb 7-11

6-B 5-C

6/8-B 5/7-C

6-B 5-C

6-B 5-C

Feb

14-18

6-C

6/8-C

6-C

6-C

Feb

21-25

Feb 28

-

5-A

Reading Week: All labs are closed

Mar 4

5-F

5/7-F

5-F

5-F

Mar

7-11

6-F

6/8-F

6-F

6-F

Mar

14-18

5-I

5/7-I

5-I

5-I

Mar

21-25

6-I

6/8-I

6-I

6-I

** 5-L ** 6-L

** 5/7-L ** 6/8-L

** 5-L ** 6-L

** 5-L ** 6-L

Mar 28 – Apr 1 Apr

4-8

CHEM 101 Winter Term (January to April 2022) January 5, 2022 Classes start January 10-14 Lab check-in and Expt A for Groups 5 and 7 (sections R5, S5, T5, U5, P5, P7, V5, W5, Y5, Z5). Chem 101/3 manual – 2021-22 online version

7 January 18-22 Lab check-in and Expt A for Groups 6 and 8 (sections R6, S6, T6, U6, P6, P8, V6, W6, Y6, Z6). February 21-25

Winter term Reading Week - Labs closed.

**Mar 28-Apr 8 Laboratory L, your Lab exam, will be held during your normal lab times and in your usual lab rooms. Chemistry 103 Laboratory Schedule September to December 2021 Use the schedule on page 9 if you are starting Chem 103 in January 2022 The letters in this Table (A, B etc) refer to the Experiment to be done. The numbers 1 or 2 refer to your Group number (e.g. N01, Z01, etc. are in Group 1 and Q02, U02, etc. are in Group 2). For example, 2-A means that group 2 students would do Experiment A on that day. Week of

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Friday

Sept

1-3

Lectures start Wednesday September 1

Sept

6-10

Labour Day*

1-A

1-A

1-A

Sept

13-17

2-A

2-A

2-A

2-A

Sept

20-24

1-B

1-B

1-B

1-B

Sept 27 – Oct 1

2-B

2-B

2-B

2-B

Oct

4-8

1-C

1-C

1-C

1-C

Oct

11-15

Closed**

2-C

2-C

2-C

Thanksgiving

Oct

18-22

1-F

1-F

1-F

1-F

Oct

25-29

2-F

2-F

2-F

2-F

1-5

1-I

1-I

1-I

1-I

Nov Nov

8-12

Nov

15-19

2-I

2-I

2-I

2-I

22-26

**1-L

**1-L

**1-L

**1-L

**2-L

**2-L

**2-L

**2-L

Nov

Nov 29 – Dec 3

Fall Term Break

Dec 6-7 CHEM 103 Fall term (September to December 2021) September 1 Classes begin for Fall term. * September 6 Labor Day - University closed. Sections N01 and Q01 will do a makeup lab on Wednesday, September 8 at 6pm. Location to be announced. Chem 101/3 manual – 2021-22 online version

8 ** October 11 Thanksgiving Day - University closed. Sections N02 and Q02 will do a makeup lab on Wednesday, October 13 at 6pm. Location to be announced. November 8-12 Fall Term Break – no classes *** November 22-December 3 Laboratory L, your Lab exam, will be held during your normal lab periods and in your usual lab rooms. Chemistry 103 Laboratory Schedule January to April 2022 (Use the Chem 103 schedule on page 8 if you are starting Chem 103 in September 2021.) The numbers 5, 6, 7 or 8 refer to your Group number (e.g. R05, Z05, etc. are in Group 5 and S06, U06, etc. are in Group 6, P07 in group 7 and P08 in group 8) and the letter refers to the experiment to be done. For example, 5/7-A means that Groups 5 and 7 would do Experiment A on that day.

Week of

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesda y

Thursday

Friday

Jan

3-7

Jan Jan

10-14 17-21

5-A 6-A

5/7-A 6/8-A

5-A 6-A

5-A 6-A

Jan

24-28

5-B

5/7-B

5-B

5-B

Jan 31- Feb 4

6-B

6/8-B

6-B

6-B

Feb

7-11

5-C

5/7-C

5-C

5-C

Feb

14-18

6-C

6/8-C

6-C

6-C

Feb

21-25

Feb 28

-

Mar 4

lectures start Wednesday Jan 5, 2022

Reading Week: All labs are closed...