Chem Final Exam Review PDF

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1 CHEM 150 Final Exam Review Professor Kozlowski 1. Can you perform unit conversions?! Things like mass, volume, density, moles, molecules, atoms, etc.

2. What is an isotope?

3. Given a detailed chemical symbol, how do you calculate the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons?

4. What does mass spectrometry measure? What is the difference between percent abundance and relative intensity? Watch significant figures with these calculations!

5. What does E = hν calculate? How do you calculate J/mol? What is the relationship between energy, wavelength, and frequency?

6. Does light exist as waves, particles, or both? What is evidence for the wave-like nature of light? What about for particle-like nature of light?

2 7. What was the Bohr model of the atom? What about the Schrodinger model? What was Heisenberg’s contribution?

8. What is the difference between absorption and emission? Draw the energy level diagrams for each.

9. What is the difference between ground and excited states?

10. What is the difference between constructive and destructive interference?

11. What is a wave function? What is the wave function squared? How are these related to orbitals?

12. How many electrons can a full s orbital hold? What about a p orbital? D orbital? F orbital?

13. Can you write electron configurations? What are the d block exceptions? What is the difference between an electron configuration and an orbital diagram?

3 14. What is degeneracy? Explain the difference between an orbital energy diagram for hydrogen and for any other element, like helium.

15. What is the difference between paramagnetic and diamagnetic?

16. How does distance relative to attractive force? What about charge and attractive force?

17. How does attractive force relate to potential energy?

18. What type of ion results after an atom loses an electron? What about after an atom gains an electron?

19. What is the trend for atomic radius?

20. How does gaining or losing electrons affect atomic/ionic radii?

4 21. What is an isoelectronic series? How are the atoms/ions ordered in terms of radii?

22. What is the relationship between zeff and atomic/ionic radius?

23. What is ionization energy? What is the periodic trend for IE? Where are the exceptions?

24. How does each subsequent IE relate to the previous IE? For example, what is the relationship between IE1 and IE2 of any given atom?

25. When looking at multiple IEs for a particular atom, there is always a very large jump in energy for one of the IE transitions. What is happening to cause that large energy difference?

26. What is lattice energy? What factors affect lattice energy?

27. What is the difference between a unit cell, a lattice, and a crystal structure?

5 28. Do you remember how to do unit cell calculations? Going between density, edge length, radius, volume per mole, volume per unit cell, Avogadro’s number, etc. for body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic, and simple cubic unit cells of a single element.

29. What is an ionic bond? What about a covalent bond?

30. What is the difference between polar covalent and nonpolar covalent bonds?

31. What is the energy difference between ionic bonds, polar covalent bonds, and nonpolar covalent bonds?

32. Can you draw a potential energy curve? What does the depth of the well represent? What does the x-axis position of the well represent?

33. When bonds are formed, is energy required or released? What about when bonds are broken?

34. Remember the common polyatomic ions!

6 35. Be able to name ionic and covalent compounds.

36. Can you draw Lewis structures?!

37. How many electrons represent a standard octet? What are the main exceptions?

38. Compare the bond strength and bond length of single, double, and triple bonds.

39. Be able to assign formal charges on any given atom in a molecule.

40. What is VSEPR? What counts as an electron domain group?

41. What is the difference between electron domain geometry and molecular geometry? How do you determine bond angles using VSEPR theory?

7 42. What is penetration? Do s or p orbitals have higher energy/penetrating power?

43. What is hybridization? Be able to determine the hybridization of any given atom in a molecule. What kinds of groups count towards the hybridization of an atom?

44. Consider ethane (C2H6). What is the hybridization of each carbon atom? What is the resulting molecular geometry around each carbon atom? What is the H-C-H bond angle? How many hybrid orbitals are formed on each carbon atom?

45. Consider ethene (C2H4). What is the hybridization of each carbon atom? What is the resulting molecular geometry around each carbon atom? What is the H-C-H bond angle? How many hybrid orbitals are formed on each carbon atom?

46. Consider ethyne (C2H2). What is the hybridization of each carbon atom? What is the resulting molecular geometry around each carbon atom? What is the H-C-C bond angle? How many hybrid orbitals are formed on each carbon atom?

47. What is a sigma bond? What types of orbitals form sigma bonds?

8 48. What is a pi bond? What types of orbitals form pi bonds?

49. How many sigma/pi bonds are in single bonds? Double bonds? Triple bonds?

50. What is resonance? What can be said about the bond length between the same atom types in resonance structures (like the N-O bonds in NO3–)?

51. When you have resonance structures, you must draw the hybrid structure to determine the hybridization of each atom. How do you draw a hybrid structure?

52. How do you determine which resonance structure contributes most to an actual structure?

53. How do you determine what orbital contains a lone pair?

54. Can you name organic compounds – Alkanes, alkyl halides, and alcohols?

9 55. Can you recognize the functional groups we discussed in class?

56. Be able to interconvert between structural formulas, condensed structural formulas, Lewis structures, 3-D wedge-dash structures, bond line structures, and Newman projections!

57. What is a conformational isomer? Constitutional isomer? Configurational/Stereoisomer?

58. Be able to look at pairs of molecules and determine the relationship between them (type of isomer, resonance structure, enantiomers, same compound, different compound, etc.).

59. What are the different types of conformations in Newman projections? Which is the lowest energy? Which is the highest energy?

60. How does substituent size affect the potential energy of a conformation?

61. What is cis-trans isomerization? What category of isomers are these?

10 62. What does chiral mean? What about achiral?

63. What are the two types of stereoisomers, and what is the difference between them?

64. How can you determine if a molecule is chiral or achiral?

65. What are other names for a chiral center?

66. Can you recognize if a molecule contains a chiral center or not? What are the steps to do this? If the molecule is chiral, how do you draw the enantiomer of it?

67. What is an absolute configuration? Can you assign priorities for stereoisomers? What are the CahnIngold-Prelog rules?

68. Can you determine the absolute configuration for different stereocenters?

11 69. Given the number of chiral centers, what is the equation for determining the total number of stereoisomers?

70. Consider you have a compound with 2 stereocenters, where C1 is R and C2 is R. What is the absolute configuration of each carbon in its enantiomer pair? What about if C1 is S and C2 is R?

71. What is a meso compound?

72. How do you draw bond dipoles?

73. How do you determine molecular polarity?

74. What is the definition of an intermolecular force?

75. What are the types of intermolecular forces we discussed in class? Define them.

12 76. Order the 3 types of IMFs in order of strength from strongest to weakest.

77. What types of molecules can form hydrogen bonds? What about dipole-dipole interactions? What about dispersion interactions?

78. What is the relationship between molecular mass and IMF strength? What about the relationship between IMF strength and boiling point? And therefore, between molecular mass and boiling point?

79. What type of IMFs are present in all molecules?

80. What are the conditions of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors?

81. Consider you are looking at a selection of constitutional isomers composing of the same molecular formula. How would you distinguish the difference in their boiling points?

82. How does the energy of IMFs (between multiple molecules) relate to the energy of covalent/ionic bonds (within the same molecule)?...