CHEM1010 \"cheat sheet\" PDF

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Summary

A well-revised information sheet for the Semester 1 CHEM1010 exam, created directly from learning outcomes for each of the 3 Blocks. Provides a space on page 2 for your own handwritten notes....

Description

Nuclear model of atom: Rutherford's gold foil experiment showed that the atom is mostly empty space with a tiny, dense, positive nucleus. Metals: malleable, lustrous, ductile, Periods are rows (>) conduct heat & electricity Groups are columns (v) Non-metals: gas or brittle solid at 18 groups, 7 periods room temp, poor conductors of heat and electricity Metalloids: dull, brittle, semi-conduct electricity Elements: pure substance, 1 type of atom Compounds: pure substance, 2 or more elements in fixed proportion Mixtures: non-chemical combination of 2 or more substances in varying proportions Solution: homogenous mixture that can’t be easily separated Density = mass (g) / volume (mL) Mass = density (g/mL) x volume (mL) Volume = mass (g) / density (g/mL) Electronegativity: A measure of an atoms tendency to attract electrons

Ideal gas equation: P= pressure in atm, V= vol in L, n= moles of gas, R= constant (0.0821), T= temp in K STP: 273K (0o Celsius, 32o Fahrenheit) 1 atm (101.325kPa) Volume of gases in reactions: 22.4L at STP

Scientific notation:

SI units: 7 fundamental units in the SI unit system. • Length (metres, m). • Mass (kilogram, kg). • Temperature (kelvin, K). • Time (second, s). • Amount of substance (mole, mol) • Electrical Current (ampere, A). • Luminous intensity (candela, cd) Celsius kelvin conversion: Kelvin = Celsius + 273.15 Avogadro’s number: 6.02214x1023 % composition: (element mass/compound mass) x100

Particle p n e-

mass of protons, neutrons, electrons Mass (u) Mass (kg) 1.0073 1.6726x10-27 1.0087 1.6749x10-27 5.4850x10-4 9.1094x10-31

Isotopes: Atoms of an element with Same # of p and e- but differ In # of neutrons Atomic mass: Avg. mass of isotopes= (mass 1 x % ab) + (mass 2 x % ab.) *% abundance as decimal 100 Abundance: (M1)(x) + (M2)(1-x) = Me (element atmc mss) Expand to: M1x + M2 – m2x and solve algebraically Molecular and ionic compounds: M: share electrons btwn atoms. mostly non-metals I: transfer of electrons from one atom to another Empirical formula: lowest whole ratio of molecules in a compound e.g. (HO, C2H4O, NO2) Molecular formula: exact number of atoms in one molecule of a compound e.g. (H2O2, C4H8O2, N2O4)

Reactions: Base: acid + base > salt + water Precipitation: forms insoluble solid Metathesis: positive and negative ions switch partners Redox:

Dilutions: M1V1=M2V2 Titrations: acid conc. X acid vol = base conc. x base vol Moles of acid moles of base Exothermic: H > 0 Endothermic: H S orbital l = 1 > P orbital l = 3 > D orbital l = 4 > F orbital

H-Cl Na-Cl

Inert species: Noble gases + nitrogen Orbitals:

concentration of enantiomers in mixture Chirality and optical isomerism: the mirror images of achiral molecule or ion are called enantiomers or optical isomers. Diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another and are nonsuperimposable on one another. Functional groups :

Number of bonds formed: 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 0 H, Be, B, C, N, O, F, He, Li, Mg Al Si P S Cl Ne, Na Ar Li, Na, Mg, K, Ca are almost always present as their ions formal charge= # valence e – ½ bonded e – unpaired e hybrid atomic orbitals: IUPAC:

Alkane reactions: Combustion: alkane + oxygen > carbon dioxide + water Radical: chemical structure and bonding of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes:

.Arenes structure; Bonding in alkenes and alkynes Resonance Structures: Atoms never move. You can only move electrons in π bonds or lone pairs (that are in p orbitals) The overall charge of the system must remain the same. The bonding framework of a molecule must remain intact. Aromaticity: compound must be cyclic naming aromatic compounds Acidity of org molecules

primary, secondary tertiary and quaternary carbons: 1; E/Z naming system:

Cycloalkanes:

conformations (chair, boat)

Electrophilic addition reactions: in a chemical compound, a π bond is broken and two new σ bonds are formed. The substrate of an electrophilic addition reaction must have a double bond or triple bond. .Meso compounds: a molecule that is superimposable on its mirror image Enantiomeric excess:

Isomerism:

Additional notes: (written)...