Chemiluminescence Lab PDF

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Summary

Lab Notes...

Description

Goals & Objective: 

To deduce which of the given reactants combine to produce a chemiluminescent product

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Combine different variations of reactants to produce light

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To gain the knowledge of what chemical reactions can be used to produce light can be utilized in multiple fields of use

Background/Significance2: 

Molecular formula of luminol: C H N O

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Chemiluminescence is very important due to the fact that it is a leading way to determine

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unknown variables in any given substance. Concentrations can be determined by the rate at which light is emitted in the reaction at any given time. This light gives a ratio of the amount of the reactants in how much light is emitted. Previous examples of this experiment have been done using Sample Chambers where the sample is put into the mechanism and the light is specifically measured, Detectors in which Photodiodes and photomultiplier tubes detect electrons given off by a photon, Current Measuring is the process in which a PMT measures the electrical current the strikes, and Photon Counting consists of a PMT the counts each photon is encounters. 

The students predict that the given reactants when combined in certain ways will result with a product being light. Previous trials in other instances have resulted in similar outcomes, even with more advanced equipment, so the expectation for a similar yield is justified.

Experimental Approach: 

First, we will establish a baseline by mixing luminol with air. The luminol will not react with the air, so it will give us a good observatory point to base the other reactions on.

From that point, we will dispense an amount of each chemical into 10 mL test tubes, such as 5 mL of each chemical. Once the chemicals are dispensed into the test tubes and labeled properly, we will then begin to mix nominal amounts of each chemical in cell wells, starting with mixing only two chemicals at a time and recording their reactions. Once we have discovered which chemicals react to create chemiluminescence, we can then move on to mixing those successful combinations with a third chemical, and possibly even a fourth in order to find which combinations will create the brightest, longest effect. Applications and Future Work: 

The expected outcome of our work be able to identify the reactants that create chemiluminescence. This will help because we will be able to find ways to extend the time that the light persists, such as by only being used on an as needed basis. If we are able to successfully design a lighting system that can be used on an as needed

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basis, it can be used as an alternative to other lighting systems. In the future, it can be used in place of other lightning methods that can give off dangerous heat or electricity. Table 1. MSDS3 Name

Melting point

Boiling point

Physical Properties

Warnings

Luminol

319℃

N/A

Molecular weight: 177.16 g/mol Color: White to Yellowish

“Very hazardous in case of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion. Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant). Inflammation of the eye is characterized by redness, watering, and itching.”

Bleach

18°C

100°C

Color: Pale Yellow State: Liquid

“May cause severe irritation or damage to eyes and skin. Vapor or mist may irritate. Harmful if swallowed.”

DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide)

16-19°C

301ºC

Air

-216.2ºC

-194.3ºC Gas density: 0.0749 lb/ft

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Molecular weight: 78.13 g/mol Color: Colorless

“Slightly hazardous in case of inhalation (lung irritant). Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant, permeator), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion,.”

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1 M Sodium hydroxide

318. 4°C

1390°C

Molecular Weight: 40.0 g/mol Color: White State: Liquid

“POISON! DANGER! CORROSIVE. MAY BE FATAL IF SWALLOWED. HARMFUL IF INHALED. CAUSES BURNS TO ANY AREA OF CONTACT.”

1 M Hydrochloric acid

-62°C

108°C

Color: Colorless to yellow State: Liquid

”POISON! DANGER! CORROSIVE. LIQUID AND MIST CAUSE SEVERE BURNS TO ALL BODY TISSUE. MAY BE FATAL IF SWALLOWED OR INHALED. INHALATION MAY CAUSE LUNG DAMAGE”.

Hydrogen peroxide

-33°C

108°C

Color: Colorless State: Liquid

Corrosive, irritant, lung sensitizer

References: 1. “How does a glow stick work, Chemiluminescence.” Windy City Novelties. Inc. Web.

http://wcnovelties.blogspot.com/2008/06/how-does-glow-stick-work.html 2. “An Introduction to Chemiluminescence and Bioluminescence Measurements.” Comm-

Tec Library. Web. http://www.commtec.com/Library/Tutorials/CTD/Chemiluminescence%20and%20Bioluminescence %20Measurements%20.pdf 3. ScienceLab.com Chemicals and Laboratory Equipment. N.p., Web. 9 Sept. 2014.

. 4. “Material Safety Data Sheet: Air.” Airgas. Web. https://www.airgas.com/msds/001002.pdf...