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Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity 6th Edition John C. Kotz Paul M. Treichel Gabriela C. Weaver

CHAPTER 1 Matter and Measurement

1

A Chemist‛s View of Matter

2

The Language of Chemistry

CHEMICALELEMENTS puresubstancesthatcannotbedecomposedby ordinarymeanstoothersubstances.

Aluminum

Sodium Bromine

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Aluminum + Bromine

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The Periodic Table

5

Anatomisthesmallestparticleofan elementthathasthechemicalpropertiesof theelement.

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The Atom Anatomconsistsofa

nucleus (ofprotonsandneutrons) electronsinspaceaboutthenucleus. Electroncloud Nucleus

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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDSare composedofatomsandsocanbe decomposedtothoseatoms. Theredcompoundis composedof •nickel(Ni)(silver) •carbon(C)(black) •hydrogen(H)(white) •oxygen(O)(red) •nitrogen(N)(blue)

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AMOLECULEisthesmallestunitofacompoundthatretainsthe chemicalcharacteristicsofthecompound.

Compositionofmoleculesisgivenbya

MOLECULAR FORMULA

H2 O

C8H10N4O 2=caffeine

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Elements form Compounds

10

Graphite —layer structure ofcarbon atoms reflects physical properties.

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STATES OF MATTER

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CLASSIFICATIONOFMATTER

Matter

PureSubstances

Mixtures Separated Physically

Elements

Compound Separated Chemically

Homogenious

Heterogenious

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14

Physical Properties Whataresomephysicalproperties? color meltingandboilingpoint odor

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RelativeDensitiesoftheElements

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DENSITY DensityisanINTENSIVEpropertyofmatter. doesNOTdependonquantityofmatter. temperature ContrastwithEXTENSIVE dependsonquantityofmatter. massandvolume. Styrofoam

Brick

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A Chemist‛s View Macroscopic 2H2(g)+O2(g)>2H 2O Particulate

Symbol

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Chemical Properties and Chemical Change Chemicalchangeorchemicalreaction—transformation ofoneormoreatomsormoleculesintooneormore differentmolecules.

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Types of Observations and Measurements WemakeQUALITATIVEobservationsof reactions—changesincolorandphysicalstate. WealsomakeQUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS,whichinvolvenumbers. UseSI units—basedonthemetricsystem

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UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

UseSIunits—based onthemetricsystem Length Mass Time Temperature

Meter,m

Kilogram,kg Seconds,s

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Temperature Scales 100o F 38oC 311K o

F

o

C

K

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ThisSystemusesPrefixes

pico1/1,000,000,000,000p nano1/1,000,000,000 n micro1/1,000,000 milli1/1000 m centi1/100 c Baseunitmeter,liter,grametc.

decax10 hectox100 kilox1000 megax1,000,000

d h k M

23

Whyuse Significant Figures?

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Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity 6th Edition John C. Kotz Paul M. Treichel Gabriela C. Weaver

CHAPTER 2 Atoms and Elements

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Radioactivity Oneofthepiecesofevidenceforthefact thatatomsaremadeofsmallerparticles camefromtheworkofMarie 1934).

Curie(1876

Shediscoveredradioactivity,the spontaneousdisintegrationofsome elementsintosmallerpieces.

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Types of Radioactive Emissions

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Types of Radioactive Emissions

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ATOMIC COMPOSITION Protons +electricalcharge mass=1.672623x1024g relativemass=1.007atomic massunits(u)

Electrons negativeelectricalcharge relativemass=0.0005u

Neutrons noelectricalcharge mass=1.009u

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Usingtheperiodictable forcountsubatomicparticles…

Ca

Atomic#(Z)= ElementSymbol

40.078

AtomicMass 

20

Usingnuclearsymbolnotationforcountsubatomicparticles… P rotonsE lectronsNeutrons



Ionachargedatom DifferentIsotopes

Hyphennotationmassnumber

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Isotopes Atomsofthesameelement(sameZ) butdifferentmassnumber(A).

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Hydrogen Isotopes protium

deuterium

tritium radioactive

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Masses of Isotopes determined with a mass spectrometer

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Mass spectrum of C6H5Br

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11B

Isotopes

10B

Becauseoftheexistenceofisotopes,the massofacollectionofatomshasan averagevalue. Averagemass=ATOMIC WEIGHT Boronis19.9%10Band80.1%11B.That is,11Bis80.1percentabundantonearth. Forboronatomicweight =0.199(10.0u)+0.801(11.0u)=10.8u

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Isotopes & Atomic Weight Becauseoftheexistenceofisotopes,themassofa collectionofatomshasanaveragevalue. 6

Li=7.5%abundantand 7Li=92.5%

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Si=92.23%, 29Si=4.67%,30 Si=3.10%

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Element Abundance

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Counting Atoms Chemistryisaquantitativescience— weneeda“countingunit.”

40

Particles in a Mole

23 Avogadro’sNumber

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Molar Mass 1molof12C =12.00gofC =6.022x1023atoms ofC 12.00gof12Cisits MOLARMASS Takingintoaccountall oftheisotopesofC, themolarmassofCis 12.011g/mol

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HowmanyatomsinthispieceofMg?

=4.95x10 21atomsMg

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Periodic Table DmitriMendeleevdevelopedthe modernperiodictable.Argued thatelementpropertiesare periodicfunctionsoftheiratomic weights. Wenowknowthatelement propertiesareperiodicfunctions oftheirATOMICNUMBERS.

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G

46

P

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48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

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