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REPORT 139Water-resistingbasementsCIRIA is the Construction Industry Research and Information Association. It is a non-profit-distributing, private sector organisation carrying out research and providing information for its members, who include all types of organisations concerned with construction,...

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REPORT 139

Water-resisting basements

CIRIA is the Construction Industry Research and Information Association. It is a non-profit-distributing, private sector organisation carrying out research and providing information for its members, who include all types of organisations concerned with construction, including clients, professional practices, contractors, suppliers, educational and research establishments, professional institutions, trade associations and central and local government. CIRIA focuses on providing best practice guidance to professionals that is authoritative, convenient to use and relevant. Areas covered include construction practice, building design and materials, management and productivity, ground engineering, water engineering and environmental issues. Through active participation, CIRIA members choose research and information projects of most value to them. Funding contributions are sought from member subscriptions and from government and other sources on a project by project basis. Detailed work is contracted to the best qualified organisation selected in competition, and each project is guided by a project steering group, which contains both individual specialists and representatives of different groups with experience or interest in the topic. Core Programme Sponsorship. Core Programme members, who include many of the most significant construction firms, choose the programme of research projects and obtain privileged early access to results. Construction Industry Environmental Forum. The Environmental Forum (run in partnership with BRE and BSRIA) is a focus for construction and related industries on environmental issues. Members have free access to a substantial programme of workshops and seminars, monthly information bulletins, and publications arising from research undertaken. Construction Productivity Network (CPN). CPN (a joint venture between CIRIA and BRE), exists to promote the sharing and application of knowledge on construction productivity issues. Members have free access to a substantial programme of workshops and seminars, a newsletter, and an annual conference. Associates/Affiliates. Subscribers obtain copies of CIRIA open publications on favourable terms and get discounts on CIRIA seminars. Purchase of Publications. CIRIA publications, together with selected publications from other sources, are available by mail order or on personal application. Seminars/Conferences. CIRIA runs a number of events, often related to research projects or publications. CIRIA News (quarterly detailed reports on CIRIA’s research and information activities) and CIRIA Spectrum (occasional information on issues of wide interest) are available free on request. For further details, please apply to the Marketing Manager, CIRIA, 6 Storey’s Gate, Westminster, London SW1P 3AU E-mail switchboard @ ciria.org.uk Tel: 0171-222 8891 Fax: 0171-222 1708

1995

Report 139

Water-Resisting Basement Construction – A Guide – Safeguarding New and Existing Basements against Water and Dampness

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY RESEARCH AND INFORMATION ASSOCIATION 6 Storey ' s Gate London SW1P 3AU E-mail [email protected] F ax: (0171) 222 1708 T el: (0171) 222 8891

Summary

The report is presented in two parts; a summary report and the full report, with detailed guidance. The full report sets out to update CIRIA Guide 5 (published in February 1978). In fulfilment of its brief it: n n n

n n

gives additional guidance on water and vapour protection of new and existing basements; distinguishes between guidance appropriate to deep (commercial) and shallow (residential and non-residential) basements; includes reference to forms of deep basement construction such as diaphragm and secant walls, contiguous bored piles and shallow basements of concrete, masonry or steel sheet piling; provides illustrative examples of construction types; takes account of the control of dampness by appropriate ventilation (including air conditioning) and heating.

The report contains some generalisations. These must not be seen as restricting the designer or preventing him from selecting the precautions best suited to the use specified by the client, for new or existing basements. It should not therefore be used to justify criticism of existing designs. It is primarily intended for use by architects, engineers, surveyors, contractors and their clients. It should also assist students and trainees in most disciplines of the construction industry. The report takes particular account of BS8102: 1990, the Building Regulations 1991, and the work of the Institution of Structural Engineers’ Committee on Deep Basements, which provided authoritative information at the time of the research. The design of basements requires consideration of such a large number of factors that specific recommendations are not appropriate and would not necessarily cover all cases. The following points should be considered: 1.

The report concentrates on the parameters of water-resisting design, giving generalised solutions as examples.

2.

Each design needs to be tailored to the particular circumstances.

3.

Detailed recommendations cannot be specifically related to grades of use.

4.

The water-resisting performance of a basement construction is only one contribution to the control of the basement environment.

5.

Systems consisting of a combination of passive and active precautions form the basis of control of the internal environment.

6.

Guidance is not given for basements to be used for cold stores or food processing where special design factors and additional health regulations may apply.

7.

To minimise the risk of disputes arising, it is in the interests of owners, designers and contractors to clarify local regulatory requirements. They should also agree the acceptance criteria for the internal environment, for basements under construction or being upgraded, and the time, after completion, when they should be applied.

Reference to recommendations in BSI Codes and Standards applies to the contents at the time this guide was prepared; those using the guide should always refer to the latest edition of the Code or Standard, including all amendments. The research culminating in this report was carried out for CIRIA by Mott MacDonald, Special Services Division, St Anne House, 20-26 Wellesley Road, Croydon CR9 2UL.

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Water-Resisting Basement Construction – A Guide – Safeguarding New and Existing Basements against Water and Dampness Construction Industry Research Information Association Report 139, 1995 ©

CIRIA 1995 ISBN 0 86017 4268 ISSN 0305 408X Thomas Telford ISBN 07277 2042-2 Keywords

Reader interest

Classification

Basements, Construction Methods, Water-resistance, Integral Protection, Tanking Protection, Drained Cavity Protection, Monolithic Boxes, Piled Walling, Waterstops, Joint-Fillers, Sealants, Condesation, Moisture, Vapour Heating, Ventilation Repairs

Clients, Architects, Engineers, Contractors, House Builders, Building Services Designer, Building Materials Suppliers, Regulatory and Advisory Bodies, Building Surveyors, Building Construction Students

AVAILABILITY Unrestricted CONTENT

Report

STATUS

Committee guided

USER

Construction professionals

Published by CIRIA, 6 Storey's Gate Westminster London SW1P 3AU. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, without the written permission of the copyright holder, application for which should be addressed to the publisher. Such written permission must also be obtained before any part of this publication is stored in a retrieval system of any nature.

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F o rewo rd

This report was prepared for CIRIA by Mott MacDonald, Special Services Division. The research team comprised: R.A. Johnson, C.Eng, MIStructE D.S. Leek, BSc, MSc, C.Eng, MIM, C.Geol, FGS, MICorr M.P. Cope, BSc, MSc, FGS

(Project Director) (Project Manager) (Project Engineer - Materials)

With contributions from: S.M. Davies, BSc, C.Eng, MICE E.S. King, BSc, DiplEng, MPhil, C.Eng, MICE M.N. Edward, BEng, IPENZ J.G.M. Wood, BSc, PhD, C.Eng, MICE, FIStructE, FIAgrE

(Project Engineer - Construction) (Principal Engineer) (Building Services Engineer) (Consultant)

The research was assisted with both information and comment by a project steering group consisting of: Mr Mr Mr Mr Mr Mr Mr Mr Mr Mr Mr Mr Mr Mr Mr Mr Mr Mr Mr Mr Mr Mr Mr

D. Shaw (Chairman) M.F. Atkinson A. Bhogal/Mr S.P. Marchand R.L. Bonafont R.H. Courtier G. Dean J. Evans J.D. Findlay D. Grayson R.F. Hodkinson/Mr L.R. Hancock M. Lenaghan M. Mutimer/Mr P. Hall/Mr P. Hayler R. Millard E.A. Norris/Mr A.J. Parker W.S. Paterson/Mr I.A.L.Brixey A.J. Powderham A.K. Tovey D. Trowman T. Wilkins/Mr I.Moffat D. Wood R.B. Woodd/Mr M.D. Daniels P. Woodhead P. Wright/Mr D. Richardson

Mr E. Dore (Research Manager)

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T.P. Bennett Partnership National House Building Council (N.E.) Costain Civil Engineering Ltd Tarmac Industrial Products Ltd WS Atkins Consultants Ltd Volclay Ltd Evans and Langford Stent Foundations Ltd D. Anderson Ltd Taywood Engineering Ltd Servicised Ltd Sika Ltd Booth Engineering Services Ltd Sika Contracts Ltd Laing Technology Group Ltd Mott MacDonald Group Ltd British Cement Association R.M. Douglas Fosroc/Expandite Ltd Henry Boot Southern Ltd Sir Robert McAlpine Design Group Department of the Environment Bovis Construction Ltd CIRIA

Funds to carry out this work were provided by:

Booth Engineering Services Ltd Bovis Construction Ltd CIRIA Costain Group Ltd D. Anderson & Son Ltd Department of the Environment Evans and Langford Fosroc Expandite Ltd Henry Boot Southern Ltd Laing Technology Group Ltd Mott MacDonald Group Ltd National House Building Council R.M. Douglas Servicised Ltd Sika Contracts Ltd Sika Ltd Sir Robert McAlpine Design Group Ltd Stent Foundations Ltd Tarmac Industrial Products Ltd Taywood Engineering Ltd T.P. Bennett Partnership Volclay Ltd

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Acknowledgements

The Research Team also wish to acknowledge the information, comments and assistance received from many others including:

Mr Mr Mr Mr Mr Mr Mr Mr Mr Mr Mr Mr Mr Mr

M. Beyer C. Burdett G. McShane A. Aldred P. Willcocks G. Dickinson R.W. Turner/Mr D.A. Pattinson/ A. Brown/Mr M.P. O’Connell R. Dixon A. Clutterbuck/Mr R. Newlyn C. Buss/Mr J.G. Critchley A.S. Marco A.G. Peters R. Noble

Bauer Foundations British Cement Association British Steel Corporation Cementaid (Europe) Ltd Department of the Environment Evans and Langford Mott MacDonald Group Ltd PSA Renlon Servicised Ltd Try Group Services Ltd Wates Construction (London) Ltd Booth Engineering Services Ltd

Extracts from British Standards are reproduced with the permission of BSI. Complete copies can be obtained from BSI Customer Services, 389 Chiswick High Road, London, W4 4AL, Tel. 0181 996 7000.

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Contents

List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II:12 List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II:13

1 INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 Basis for guidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Origin of classification of internal environment and protection measures . . . . 1.4 Terminology and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.1 Definitions: basement and internal environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.2 Environmental control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.3 ‘Water-resisting’ construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4 Protection types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 Other terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .

II:15 II:15 II:16 II:16

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

II:17 II:17 II:18 II:19 II:20 II:20 II:23

2 INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Internal environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 Requirements of the building regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2 Defining internal environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2.1 Relative humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2.2 Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2.3 Dampness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2.4 Wetness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.3 Quantifying the required internal environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.3.1 Grade 1: basic utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.3.2 Grade 2: better utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.3.3 Grade 3: habitable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.3.4 Grade 4: special . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.4 Monitoring internal environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.4.1 Measurements taken immediately after completion of basement construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.4.2 Measurements taken after completion of the building . . . . . . . . 2.2.4.3 Measurements taken at intervals over the maintenance period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 External environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1 Defining the external environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.2 Requirements of the building regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.3 Classification of the external environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.3.1 Groundwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.3.2 Sulphate concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.3.3 Chloride concentrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.3.4 Acidic ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.3.5 Bacteriological presence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.3.6 Contamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.3.7 Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II:24 II:24 II:24 II:26 II:26 II:27 II:28 II:29 II:30 II:30 II:30 II:31 II:32 II:32 II:33

3 DESIGN OF NEW BASEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 Design objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.1 System reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.2 Complete environmental control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.3 Limited environmental control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II:42 II:42 II:42 II:42 II:43

II:33 II:33 II:34 II:34 II:34 II:34 II:36 II:36 II:37 II:38 II:38 II:39 II:39 II:40 II:40

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3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

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Design considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.1 Construction methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.2 Design codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.3 Structure protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.4 Drainage and services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.5 Maintenance and costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1 Deep basements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.2 Shallow basements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.3 Residential basements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Design standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.1 The building regulations (SI 1991 No. 2765) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.2 Concrete basements to BS8110: 1985, BS8007: 1987 and BS8102: 1990 . 3.4.3 Masonry basements to .B.S5628 and .B.S8102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.4 Welded steel sheet piling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Passive precautions (structure protection types .A, .B and .C) . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5.1 Water or water and vapour penetration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5.2 Aggressive ground conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5.3 Structures without additional protection (Type B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5.4 Structures requiring additional protection (Type A and C) . . . . . . . . . . Type A: tanking protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6.1 External tanking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6.2 Reverse tanking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6.3 Sandwiched tanking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6.4 Internal tanking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6.5 Application of Type A protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6.5.1 Sheet (bonded and unbonded) membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6.5.2 Hydrophilic membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6.5.3 Cementitious renders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6.5.4 Liquid-applied membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Type B: structurally integral protectlon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7.1 Reinforced concrete construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7.1.1 Monolithic box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7.1.2 Diaphragm walling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7.1.3 Contiguous piled walling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7.1.4 Secant piled walling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7.1.5 Hard/soft piled walling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7.2 Reinforced concrete design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7.2.1 Crack widths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7.2.2 Internal facings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7.2.3 Changes in section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7.2.4 Columns and other point loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7.2.5 Wat...