Civil LIT Notes PDF

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CIVIL LIT NOTES**Chapter 1: General Matters ** o Organization of Civil Courts o Jurisdictional Rules o Overriding ObjectiveChapter 2: Limitation o Accrual of Cause of Action o Calculating the Limitation Period o Discretion**Chapter 3: Pre-Action Conduct ** o PD Pre-action Conduct o Non-compliance wi...

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CIVIL%LIT%NOTES%% % Chapter%1:%General%Matters% o Organization*of*Civil*Courts% o Jurisdictional*Rules% o Overriding*Objective*% % Chapter%2:%Limitation% o Accrual*of*Cause*of*Action*% o Calculating*the*Limitation*Period% o Discretion*% % Chapter%3:%Pre-Action%Conduct% o PD*Pre-action*Conduct% o Non-compliance*with*Protocols*% % Chapter%4:%Commencing%Proceedings% o Issuing*and*Serving% o Extension*of*Time*to*Service*of*Claim*Form% o Part*8*Procedure*% % Chapter%5:%Parties% - Description*of*Parties% - Particular*Classes*of*Parties% - Two*or*More*Persons*Jointly*Entitled*to*Remedy% % Chapter%6:%Statements%of%Case% - Statements*of*Case:*Formalities*and*Specific*Examples% - Responding*to*a*Claim% - Counterclaims% - Set*off% % Chapter%7:%Multiple%Causes%of%Action,%Counterclaims%and%Other%Claims% - Multiple*Causes*of*Action% - Additional*Claims*under*Part*20% % Chapter%8:%Amendment% - Permission*to*Amend% - Addition,*Removal*and*Substitution*of*Parties% - Amendment*after*Limitation*Period*Expires% - Procedure*on*Amending% % Chapter%9:%Further%Information% - The*Request% - The*Response% - Orders*for*Responses% % Chapter%10:%Default%Judgment%and%Summary%Judgment%% - Default*Judgment% - Setting*Aside*Default*Judgment% - Summary*Judgment% %

Chapter%11:%Case%Management,%Sanctions%and%Striking%Out% - Striking*Out% - Discontinuance*% - Stays% - Sanctions% - Application*for*Sanctions% - Unless*Order% - Extending*Time% - Remedying*Irregularity% - Relief*from*Sanctions*and*Setting*Aside% - Implied*Sanctions*Doctrine% % Chapter%12:%Disclosure%and%Inspection%of%Documents% - Disclosure% - Pre-Action*Disclosure% - Inspection% % Chapter%13:%Interim%Applications% - Jurisdiction*Rules% - Time*to*Apply% - Pre-Action*Interim*Remedies% - Applications*without*Notice% - Applications*with*Notice% % Chapter%14:%Interim%Payments%and%Security%for%Costs% - Interim*Payments* - Security*for*Costs** * Chapter%15:%Interim%Injunctions% - Pre-Action*Applications* - Procedure* - Principles* % Chapter%16:%Offers%to%Settle% - Formalities* - Acceptance*of*Part*36*Offer* - Rejections,*Counter-offers*and*Subsequent*Offers* - Withdrawal*and*Change*of*Part*36*Offer* - Cost*Consequences*of*Accepting*Part*36*Offer* - Cost*Consequences*Following*Judgment* * Chapter%17:%Evidence%of%Fact%% - Notice*to*Admit*Facts% - Written*Evidence% - Witness*Statements% - Witness*Summaries% % Chapter%18:%Expert%Evidence%% - Non-expert*Evidence% - Admissibility*of*Expert*Evidence*% - Control*of*Evidence% - Privileged*Nature*of*Experts’*Reposts%

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Disclosure*of*Expert’s*Reports% Form*of*Expert’s*Reports% Written*Questions*to*Experts% Examinations*by*Experts% Trial% Expert’s*Immunity*from*Suit%

% Chapter%19:%Civil%Trial%and%Evidence% - Witnesses% - Trial*Documentation*% - Location% - Allocation*to*Judiciary% - Private*Hearings% - Preliminary*Issues% - Trial*by*Jury% - Non-Attendance*at*Trial% % Chapter%20:%Judgments,%Orders%and%Enforcement% - Settlement% - Drawing*Up*Judgments/Orders% - Time*for*Compliance% - Consent*Order% - Unless*Order% - Slip*Rule% - Interest*on*Judgment*Debts% - Enforcement% - Enforcement*of*Money*Judgments*% % Chapter%21:%Costs% - Costs*follows*event% - Issue-based*Approach% - Sanderson*and*Bullock*Orders% - Court’s*Discretion*on*Costs% - Range*of*costs*orders% - Costs*of*or*Incidental*to% - Interim*Costs*Order% - Basis*of*Quantification% - Summary*Assessment% - Detailed*Assessment% - Wasted*Costs*Orders% % Chapter%22:%Appeals% - Basic*Appeal*Structure% - Permission*to*Appeal% - Time*for*Appealing*% - Procedure*on*Appealing% - Hearing*of*Appeals% - Appeal*Court’s*Powers% %

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CHAPTER%1:%GENERAL%MATTERS% % Organization%of%Civil%Courts% - Where*only*remedy*sought*is*money*à*transferred*to*County*Court*Money*Claims*Centre*in*Salford* * County%Court%% - Presided*over*by*Circuit*Judge% - District*Judges*conduct*interim*proceedings*small*claims*hearings*and*trials*of*less*than*£25,000% * High%Court% - Three*Divisions:*QBD,*Chancery,*Family% - Interim*matters*dealt*with*by*Masters% à*But*generally,*Masters*and*District*Judges*in*HC*cannot*grant*interim*injunctions* * Jurisdictional%Rules% General%rule*à*C*is*free*to*choose*whether*to*start*in*the*HC*or*CC** * Restrictions:* - Personal*injury*claims** o Must*be*started*in*CC*if*under*£50,000** o May*be*started*in*HC*or*CC*if*£50,000*or*more* - Money*claims*(not*PI)** o Must*be*started*in*the*CC*if*up*to*£100,000* o May*be*started*in*HC*or*CC*if*more*than*£100,000** % Overriding%Objective% Overriding*objective:*to*deal*with*cases*justly*and*at*proportionate*costs* * CPR*1.1(2):*Dealing*with*cases*justly*includes,*as*far*as*is*practicable:* - Ensuring*parties*are*on*equal*footing* - Saving*expense* - Dealing*with*case*in*a*way*proportionate*to*amount*of*money*involved,*importance*of*case,*complexity* of*issues*and*financial*position*of*each*party* - Ensuring*cases*dealt*with*expeditiously*and*fairly* - Allowing*to*it*an*appropriate*share*of*court’s*resources,*while*taking*into*account*the*need*to*allot* resources*to*other*cases* - Ensuring*compliance*with*rules,*PD*and*orders* * CPR*1.2:*Court*has*to*give*effect*to*overriding*objective*when*making*decisions*and*interpreting*CPR* * CPR*1.3:*Parties*are*required*to*help*court*further*the*overriding*objective* * CPR*1.4:*Court*must*further*overriding*objective*by*actively*managing*cases,*including:*

- Encouraging*parties*to*cooperate*in*conduct*of*proceedings* - Identifying*issues*at*an*early*stage* - Encouraging*parties*to*use*ADR* - Fixing*timetables*or*otherwise*controlling*the*progress*of*the*case* * *

CHAPTER%2:%LIMITATION% % Expiry*of*limitation*period*provides*D*with*a*complete*procedural*defence*to*a*claim* - Not*taken*by*court*on*its*own*motion;*D*must*specifically*set*it*out*in*defence:*PD*16,*para*13.1* - If*C*is*unwilling*to*discontinue*claim,*D*will*normally*be*able*to*successfully*apply*for*claim*to*be*struck* out* * Limitation*period* - Normally*set*out*in*Limitation*Act*1980* - If*not*set*out,*can*be*subject*to*limitation*by*analogy*to*LA*1980,*or*the*court’s*discretionary*power*to* strike*out*claims* - Day*1*counts*as*the*day*after*the*damage*was*caused.** o e.g.*if*accident*occurs*on*1*Jan*2017,*and*you*have*3-year*limitation*period,*it*would*expire*on*1*Jan* 2020.*1st*to*1st)* * LIMITATION%ACT%1980% % S.2%–%Tort:%6%years%% S.5%–%Simple%contract:%6%years% S.10%–%Contribution%claims:%2%years%% S.11%–%Personal%Injury:%3%years%from*the*date*of*accident*or*date*of*knowledge*(if*later)*of*the*person* injured.** S.12%–%Fatal%accidents:%3%years%from*the*date*of*death*or*the*date*of*knowledge*of*the*person*for*whose* benefit*the*action*is*brought*(whichever*is*later)* S.14%–%Latent%damage*(damage*that*is*not*immediately*obvious.*DOES%NOT%APPLY%TO%PI,%ONLY% NEGLIGENCE):*6%years*from*the*date*on*which*the*cause*of*action*accrued*or*3%years*from*starting*date* (knowledge).*15%years*long*stop*date.* S.24%–%Actions%to%enforce%judgements:*6%years*from*the*date*the*judgement*became*enforceable.** S.28%–%Extension%in%case%of%disability%(infant/lacks*capacity):*6%years%% S.38%–%Disability%interpretation%–%a*person*ceases*to*be*under*a*disability*from*the*date*of*their*18th* birthday* * *

CHAPTER%3:%PRE-ACTION%CONDUCT% * PD%Pre-action%Conduct%% PD*Pre-action*Conduct*sets*out*the*steps*parties*are*expected*to*take*before*they*start*court*proceedings.**

* Complying*with*the*protocol*is*no*excuse*for*issuing*late.*If*needs*be,*the*claimant*can*ask*for*a*stay*of*the* proceedings*after*issue*so*the*remaining*steps*can*be*taken*(para*17)** % Normal%protocol%steps%% - Parties*are*expected*to*exchange*sufficient*information*to*enable*them*to*understand*each*other's* position,*and*to*be*able*to*enter*into*meaningful*negotiations*or*ADR*processes*(para*3)** - Taking*tactical*advantage*is*deprecated*(para*4)** - Costs*in*complying*with*the*protocol*must*be*kept*proportionate*(para*5)** - C*should*write*to*the*defendant*with*concise*details*of*the*claim*and*the*remedy*sought*(para*6(a))** - D*should*respond*within*a*reasonable*time.*14*days*in*an*easy*case;*maybe*3*months*in*a*very*complex* claim*(para*6(b))** - The*reply*must*say*if*liability*is*admitted;*the*grounds*on*which*liability*is*denied;*and*whether*a* counterclaim*will*be*advanced*(para*6(b))** - Both*parties*must*disclose*key*documents*to*each*other*(para*6(c))** - If*an*expert*is*necessary*the*parties*should*try*to*minimize*how*much*the*expert*evidence*will*cost.*A* single*joint*expert*may*be*best*(para*7)** - Parties*should*consider*whether*to*use*ADR*(paras*8-11)** - Where*the*claim*is*not*resolved*by*following*the*protocols,*the*parties*must*stocktake*by*reviewing*their* respective*positions*(para*12)** - They*should*at*least*try*to*narrow*the*issues*in*dispute*(para*12)** * Non-compliance%with%Protocols% The*requirement*is*to*comply*with*the*substance*of*the*protocol*(para*13)* - A*failure*to*comply*may*be*based*on*(para*14):** o Not*providing*sufficient*information* o Not*acting*within*the*time*limits*in*the*protocol** o Unreasonably*refusing*to*use*ADR** * Non-compliance*may*be*taken*into*account*(para*13):** - When*the*court*gives*case*management*directions** - When*the*court*makes*costs*orders*(eg*at*trial);*The*court*may*order*(para*15):** o The*parties*to*be*relieved*from*further*compliance*with*the*protocol** o A*stay*of*the*proceedings*to*allow*time*for*compliance** o The*imposition*of*sanctions** * Sanctions*for*non-compliance*(para*16):* - Payment*of*costs** - Payment*of*costs*on*the*indemnity*basis** - Depriving*C*of*interest*on*their*damages** - Ordering*D*to*pay*interest*on*any*damages*at*up*to*10%*above*base*rate* * *

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CHAPTER%4:%COMMENCING%PROCEEDINGS% % Issuing%and%Serving% - Usual*way*to*commence*civil*proceedings*is*by*issuing*a*Claim%Form*(N1*prescribed*form)* - Generally*needs*to*be*served*within*four*months*of*being*issued,*though*extension*is*possible* * Claimant*is*entitled*to*make*full*use*of*the*limitation*period*before*issuing*process,*and*is*entitled*to*wait* until*the*final*day*of*the*period*of*validity*before*effecting*service* * A. Claim%Form% Responsibility*of*claimant’s*solicitors;*completed*form*will:* - Set*out*names*and*addresses*of*respective*parties* - Give*concise*statement*of*the*nature*of*the*claim* - State*the*remedy*sought* - Contain*statement*of*value*(including*interest)*where*the*claim*is*for*money* * If*filing*claim*under*HC,*claim*form*must*be*endorsed*with*either:* - Statement*that*C*expects*to*recover*more*than*£100,000*(more*than*£50,000*for*personal*injuries* claims)* - Statement*that*a*named*enactment*provides*that*claim*may*be*commenced*only*in*HC* - Statement*that*claim*is*for*a*named*specialist*HC*list* * B. Particulars%of%Claim% The*formal*written*statement*setting*out*the*nature*of*the*claimant’s*case*together*with*the*nature*of*the* remedy*sought*from*D* * Can*either*be*attached*to*claim*form*or*set*out*in*a*separate*document*(in*which*case*claim*form*must* state*whether*PoC*is*attached*or*will*follow)* - If*to*follow,*PoC*needs*to*be*served*within*14*days*after*service*of*claim*form*(CPR*r7.4(1)),*or*in* any*event*within*the*period*of*validity*of*the*claim*form*(i.e.*within*4*months)* - If*PoC*served*late,*application*should*be*made*for*relief*from*sanctions* * C. Issuing%a%Claim%Form% Procedure*on*issuing*a*claim* C’s*solicitors*will*either:* - Make*copies*of*claim*form,*and*send*2*copies*to*the*court*office*together*with*a*prescribed*fee*and* under*a*cover*of*a*letter*asking*a*claim*to*be*issued* - Attend*personally*at*the*court*office*to*ensure*claim*is*issued*(esp.*where*time*is*short)* * Court*office*issues*claim*by*sealing*the*claim*forms,*and*entered*details*of*claims*in*its*record* - Claim*number*is*generated* - Court*then*sends*notice*of*issue*form*(N205A*to*N205C)*to*C’s*solicitors*

* County*Court*money*claims* Where*the*only*remedy*sought*is*an*amount*of*money*(specified*or*unspecified),*claims*is*started*by* sending*the*claim*form*for*issue*to*the*County*Court*Money*Claims*Centre*in*Salford*(PD*7A,*para*4A.1)* - Claimant*must*specify*preferred*hearing*centre*in*claim*form* • Undefended*money*claims*(where*court*has*to*assess*amount*or*rate*of*payment)*normally* sent*to*C’s*preferred*hearing*centre* • Defended*money*claims*normally*sent*to*D’s*home*court*or*hearing*centre*specified*in*D’s* directions*questionnaire*(CPR*r26.2A)* * Money*claims*up*to*£100,000*where*neither*party*is*a*child*or*protected*party,*and*where*conditions*in*PD* 7E,*para*4*are*satisfied,*can*be*issued*electronically*through*‘Money*Claim*Online’* - Issued*by*County*Court*Business*Centre*by*sending*court*service*an*online*claim*form*and*paying* issue*fee*electronically* - PoC*may*be*filed*and*served*separately* - Service*is*deemed*effected*by*the*court*on*fifth*day*after*issue*irrespective*of*business*day*or*not* (PD*7E,*para*5.7)* - D*can*reply*electronically*or*by*hard*copies*(PD*7E,*para*7.1)* - If*no*response*obtained,*judgment*can*be*entered*in*default*by*filling*an*electronic*request*(PD*7E,* para*11)* * D. Service%of%Claim%Form% - Two*different*systems*with*service*within*jurisdiction:*one*governs*service*of*origination*process*(eg.* claim*form)*and*petitions*(CPR*r6.2(c));*the*other*governs*service*of*all*other*types*of*documents*used* during*the*course*of*proceedings*(eg.*application*notices,*statements*of*case)* - Abela(v(Baadarani([2013]*1*WLR*2043:*most*important*purpose*of*service*is*to*inform*defendant*of*the* contents*of*the*claim*form*and*the*nature*of*the*claimant’s*case( - Court*may*dispense*with*service*of*the*claim*form*in*exceptional*circumstances:*CPR*r6.16(1)( - Claim*form*serviced*in*accordance*with*the*rules*is*deemed*to*be*served*on*the*second*business*day* after*completion*of*the*step*required*by*CPR*r7.5( * Period*of*validity* Claim*form*must*be*serviced*within*four*months*after*date*of*issue* - Strictly,*this*means*four*months*and*a*day:*Smith(v(Probyn*[2000]*The(Times,*29*March*2000( • Eg.*claim*form*issued*on*8*May*would*still*be*valid*on*8*September( * If*D*is*served*outside*jurisdiction,*period*of*validity*for*service*is*six*months:*CPR*r7.5(2)* - Where*D*is*outside*jurisdiction*but*is*in*fact*served*within*jurisdiction*(eg.*agrees*to*service*at* solicitor’s*office*in*England),*period*is*four*months:*American(Leisure(Group(Ltd(v(Garrard*[2014]*1* WLR*4102)( * Documents*to*be*served* Documents*served*comprise*of*sealed*claim*form,*particulars*of*claim*(which*may*follow*alternatively),*and* response*pack*(forms*of*acknowledgment*of*service,*admission,*defence*and*counterclaim)*

* Methods*of*service* Possible*methods*set*out*in*CPR*r6.3(1):* - Personal*service*in*accordance*with*r6.5( - First*class*post,*document*exchange*or*other*service*which*provides*delivery*on*next*business*day* (PD*6A)( - Leaving*it*at*a*specified*place*in*accordance*with*rules*6.7,*6.8,*6.9*or*6.10( - By*fact*or*other*electronic*means*of*communication*(PD*6A)( - Any*method*authorised*by*the*court*under*r6.15*(alternative*service)( * Posting*a*photocopy*is*not*service:*Hills(Contractors(&(Construction(Ltd(v(Struth*[2014]*1*WLR*1* * Address*of*service* CPR*r6.9*sets*out*a*table*of*the*appropriate*places*of*service*for*different*types*of*party* * D’s*address*is*where*he*lived*based*on*his*pattern*of*life;*thus*possible*for*D*to*have*more*than*one*‘usual* residence’:*Relfo(Ltd(v(Varsani([2011]*1*WLR*1402* * Where*D*has*a*usual*or*last*known*address*within*the*jurisdiction,*service*at*that*address*will*be*effective* even*if*D*was*temporarily*abroad*on*the*date*of*service:*City(and(Country(Properties(Ltd(v(Kamali*[2007]*1* WLR*1219* - Similarly,*where*service*was*at*last*known*address*in*accordance*with*one*of*the*permitted* methods*of*service,*then*evidence*cannot*be*admitted*to*prove*that*D*did*not*receive*the*claim* form:*Godwin(v(Swindon(Borough(Council*[2002]*1*WLR*997( - But*if*C*has*reason*to*believe*that*D*no*longer*resides*in*the*last*known*address,*then*C*must*take* reasonable*steps*to*find*D’s*current*address:*CPR*r6.9(3)( • If*enquiries*point*to*some*other*address*or*method*by*which*service*could*be*effected,*C* must*make*an*application*for*alternative*service*under*r6.15**( * Effecting*service* Personal*service:*by*leaving*documents*with*D*(or*a*person*in*a*senior*position*for*a*company:*PD*6A,*para* 6.2)* - Where*D*is*uncooperative,*sufficient*to*mention*the*nature*of*the*documents*and*leave*them* reasonably*near*D* * Post:*by*placing*document*in*a*post*box*or*leaving*it*with*or*having*it*collected*by*the*relevant*service* provider:*PD*6A,*para*3.1* - Note:*must*be*a*next-business-day*post*to*qualify* * Leaving*document*at*D’s*address:*insert*documents*through*letter*box,*or*otherwise*leaving*it*at*D’s* address* * Document*exchange:*permissible*only*if*D’s*address*where*they*are*to*be*served*includes*a*DX*number,* and*they*have*not*stated*they*are*unwilling*to*be*served*by*DX:*PD*6A,*para*2.1* *

Electronic*means:*party*to*be*served*(including*solicitor)*must*have*previously*indicated*in*writing*that*it*is* willing*to*accept*service*by*this*method:*PD*6A,*para*4.1* - Including*a*fax*or*email*address*on*a*statement*of*case*is*sufficient*indication*of*willingness:*PD*6A,* para*4.1(2)(c)* * Alternative*service* In*some*situations*where*D*is*evading*service*or*just*difficult*to*find,*application*can*be*made*for* alternative*service*pursuant*to*r6.15,*provided*that*there*is*good*reason*for*court*to*make*the*order* * Application*for*alternative*service*order*need*to*be*supported*by*written*evidence*which*must:* - State*the*reason*alternative*service*is*sought* - State*the*proposed*alternative*method*or*place*of*service;*and* - Explain*why*it*is*believed*service*will*be*effective*if*the*alternative*method*or*place*is*used* * Order*for*alternative*service*at*an*address*within*the*jurisdiction*will*not*be*made*if*it*is*for*the*purpose*of* evading*restrictions*on*serving*D*outside*jurisdiction:*Knauf(UK(GmbH(v(British(Gypsum(Ltd*[2002]*1*WLR* 907* * E. Service%of%Documents%other%than%Claim%Form% Governed*by*CPR*rr*6.20*-*6.29* % Normal*rule:*party*has*to*serve*the*other*side*if*it*prepared*the*relevant*document,*and*court*will*do*so*if* it*prepared*the*document:*CPR*r6.21* * Available*methods*of*service*is*the*same*for*claim*form* - Alternative*service*order*can*also*be*made*pursuant*to*CPR*r6.27* * Refer*p.77*(A*Practical*Approach)*for*deemed*date*of*service*table* * Extension%of%Time%to%Service%Claim%Form% Extension*on*time*limit*for*effecting*service*of*claim*form*is*granted*through*two*ways:* - Consent*by*both*parties*in*written*agreement:*CPR*r2.11,*Thomas(v(Home(Office*[2007]*1*WLR*230* - A*without-notice*application*to*the*court* * A. Power%to%Renew% CPR*r7.6*permits*C*to*apply*for*an*order*extending*the*period*for*compliance*with*r7.5* * r7.6(2):*application*to*extend*must*be*made*either*(a)*within*the*period*specified*by*r7.5,*or*(b)*where*an* order*to*extend*has*already*been*made*under*r7.6,*within*the*period*of*service*specified*by*that*order* * r7.6(3):*if*application*to*extend*is*made*after*end*of*the*period,*court*may*only*make*an*order*if:* - Court*failed*to*serve*the*claim*form;*or* - C*has*taken*all*reasonable*steps*to*comply*with*r7.5*but*has*been*unable*to*serve* - In*either*case,*C*has*acted*promptly*in*making*the*application*

* r7.6(4):*application*for*an*order*must*be*supported*by*evidence*and*may*be*made*without*notice* * Applications*made*during*period*of*validity* r7.6*itself*does*not*indicate*how*the*discretion*to*extend*should*be*exercised*in*this*situation* * General*guidance*by*the*court*in*Hastroodi(v(Hancock*[2004]*1*WLR*3206:* - Discretion*should*be*exercised*in*accordance*with*the*overriding*objective* - The*reason*for*the*failure*to*serve*within*the*specified*period*is*a*highly*material*factor*(cf.*Collier(v( Williams*[2006]*1*WLR*1945)* * Rix*LJ*in*Cecil(v(Bayat*[2011]*1*WLR*3086*at*[109]*(controversially)*adopted*principles*that*were*developed* under*the*old*RSC,*i.e.:* - Extension*granted*only*if*there*is*a*good*reason*for*granting*more*time** - If*there*is*a*good*reason,*court*must*consider*the*balance*of*hardship*between*the*parties*in*either* granting*or*refusing*the*extension*of*time* * Most*good*reasons*relate*to*difficulties*in*effecting*service*of*the*claim*form,*eg.*where*D*is*difficult...