COAL Intro to Assembly Language PDF

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Dr.Shashanni 220...

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Co mp u t e rOr g a n i z a t i o na n dAs s e mbl yLa n g u a g e No t e sf o rLe c t u r e1a n dLe c t u r e2   

As s e mb l yl a n g u a g ei st h eo l d e s tp r o g r a mmi n gl a n g u a g ec l o s e s tt on a t i v ema c h i n e l a n g u a g e He l p st ou n d e r s t a n dc omp u t e ra r c hi t e c t u r ea n do p e r a t i n gs y s t e ms As s e mb l yLa n gu a g ev s . Hi g h Le v e lLa n g u a g e s

As s e mb l yLa n gu a g e Hi g hLe v e lLa n g ua g e  E a s y t o u s e  Fa s t e r c h i n ei n de p e n d e nt  Mo r efle x i bl e  Ma  Ha sa c c e s st oma c h i n ef e a t u r e s  Ma c hi n ed e p e n de nt( d e s i gn e df o r s pe c i ficp r o c e s s orf a mi l y)

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Wh yLe a r nAs s e mb l yLa n g u a g e ? 1 .I ti sg o o df o re mb e d de ds y s t e ms  Embe d de ds y s t e ms :ac omp u t e rs y s t e m wi t had e d i c a t e df un c t i o nwi t h i na l a r g e rme c ha n i c a l o re l e c t r i c a ls y s t e m, c o nt r o l sma n yd e v i c e si nc o mmo n u s et o d a y 2 .I tp e r mi t sy o ut op r e c i s e l ys p e c i f yap r o g r a m’ se x e c u t a b l ec od e 3 .Comp u t e rg a me s 4 .He l psy o ut oun d e r s t a n dt h ei n t e r a c t i o nb e t we e nh a r d wa r e ,o p e r a t i n gs y s t e m( OS) a n da pp l i c a t i o np r o gr a ms 5 .Hi g h l e v e ll a n g ua g e ss o me t i me sn e e da s s e mb l yl a n g ua g et oc o mp l e t et h eg o a l s t he ya r et r yi n gt oc o mp l e t e( b i tma ni p u l a t i o n)

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So u r c eCod e( fil e ) :Ap r o gr a mwr i t t e ni nah i g h l e v e l( a s s e mb l y )p r o g r a mmi n gl a n gu a g e Ob j e c tCo d e :Ma c hi ne -l a n g u a g ev e r s i o no fs o u r c ec o d e La n g ua g eTr a n s l a t o r :Ap r o gr a mt h a tt r a n s l a t e sah i g h l e v e ll a n gu a g ei n t oma c hi n e l a n g u a g e As s e mb l e rv s . Co mpi l e rv sI n t e r p r e t e r :  Co mp i l e r / As s e mbl e r :t r a n s l a t i o nd o n ea l la to n c e  I n t e r p r e t e r :Re a d, t r a n s l a t e da n de x e c u t e dl i neb yl i n e 1 .Comp i l e r :Ap r o g r a mt h a tt r a n s l a t e sah i gh l e v e ll a n g u a g ei n t oma c hi n el a n g u a g e a n dc r e a t e sob j e c tfil e i .By t e c o d e :c omp i l e df o r ma tf o rj a v a 2 .As s e mb l e r :Fa s t e r ;ma c h i n ed e p e nd e n t 3 .I n t e r p r e t e r( u s e df o rVi s u a l St u d i o ) :r e a d s , t r a n s l a t e sa nde x e c u t e sl i ne b y l i n e . I t d oe s n ’ tc r e a t et h eo b j e c t fil e . I ta l s on e e d sl e s ss p a c eb uti ss l o we r Li n k e r :Ap r o gr a mt h a tc o mb i ne ss e v e r a lo b j e c tp r o g r a msa n do t he ro pe r a t i n gs y s t e m pr o g r a mst oc r e a t ea ne x e c u t a b l efil e Lo a d e r :Ap r o gr a mt h a tl o a d st h ep r o gr a mc r e a t e db yt h el i n k e ri np a r to ft h eme mo r y s p e c i fie db yt h eo pe r a t i n gs y s t e m Ex e c u t a b l eCo d e :As e q u e n c eo f1 ’ sa nd0 ’ s , c o n s i s t i n go fy o u rob j e c tc o dep l u sa n yo t h e r mo d u l e s Ed i t o r :Us eat e x te d i t o ro rpr o g r a m’ se d i t ort oc r e a t ea s s e mb l yl a n g u a g e .

Fi r s tp a r t o fRAM i sr e s e r v e df o rt heOp e r a t i n gSy s t e m BI OS:Ba s i cI n p u tOu t p u tSy s t e m o I n s i d et h eOp e r a t i n gSy s t e m Ar e a  Op e r a t i n gSy s t e m( OS) :Co l l e c t i o no fp r o gr a ms o Wh e ny o ub o ott h ec o mp u t e r ,RAM wi l ll o a dBI OS o Bo o t s t r a p :l oa d st h efir s tt i mey o ut u r nt hec omp u t e ro n

Wh a tt y p e so fp r o gr a mswi l lwec r e a t e ?

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1 6bi tRe a lAd d r e s sMo d e :Al s okn o wna sr e a lmo d ep r o g r a ms , t h e yu s eas e g me n t me mo r ymo d e lr e q u i r e do ft h epr o g r a mwr i t t e nf o rI n t e l8 0 8 6a ndI n t e l80 8 8 p r o c e s s o r s 3 2bi t( 6 4b i t )Pr o t e c t e dMo d e :32( 6 4 )b i tp r o t e c t e dmo d ep r o g r a msr u nu n d e ra l l3 2 ( 6 4 )v e r s i o n so fMi c r o s o f tWi n do ws . Us u a l l ye a s i e rt owr i t ea n du n d e r s t a n dt h a nr e a l mo d epr o g r a ms .

I ns t r u c t i o nEx e c u t i onCy c l e  Th ee x e c u t i ono fas i n g l ema c h i nei n s t r u c t i o nc a nb ed i v i d e di n t oas e q u e n c eo f i nd i v i d u a lo pe r a t i o n sc a l l e dt h ei n s t r u c t i o ne x e c u t i o nc y c l e  Be f or ee x e c u t i n g ,ap r o g r a mi sl o a d e di nt ome mo r y  Th eI n s t r u c t i o nPo i nt e r( I P)c o n t a i n st h ea dd r e s so ft h ene x ti ns t r u c t i o n  Ex e c u t i n gama c hi n ei n s t r u c t i onr e q u i r e s5s t e p s o Th eFe t c hEx e c u t i o nCy c l e s : 1 )I ns t r u c t i o nFe t c h( I F) :Th eCPUf e t c he st h en e x ti n s t r u c t i ona n d i n c r e me n t sI P 2 )I ns t r u c t i o nDe c o de( I D) :Th eCon t r o lUn i t( CU)d e c o d e st h e i n s t r u c t i o n sa n df un c t i o n st od e t e r mi n ewha tt odo 3 )Da t aFe t c h( DF)a n dOp e r a ndFe t c h( OF) :CUc o p i e st h eda t aa n d o p e r a n d si n t ot h er e g i s t e r s 4 )I ns t r u c t i o n sEx e c u t i on( I E) :Th eAr i t hme t i cLo g i cUn i t( ALU) e x e c ut e st h ei n s t r u c t i o n s 5 )St o r eOu t p u tOp e r a n d( ST) :CUs t o r e st h er e s u l tt od e s t i na t i o n ( me mo r yo rr e g i s t e r )  Ca c h eMe mo r y:u s e db yt h eCPUt or e d u c et hea v e r a g et i met oa c c e s sme mor y . Th e c a c h ei ss ma l l e r , f a s t e rme mor ywh i c hs t o r e sc o p i e so fd a t af r o mt h emo s tf r e q u e n t l yu s e d ma i nme mo r y o Wh e nt h ep r o c e s s o rn e e d st or e a df r o mo rwr i t et ol oc a t i oni nt h ema i nme mo r y ,i t fir s tc h e c k swh e t h e rac o p yo ft h ed a t ai si nt hec a c h e . I fs o , t hep r o c e s s o r i mme d i a t e l yr e a d sf r o m orwr i t e st ot hec a c h e , wh i c hi smuc hf a s t e rt h a nr e a d i n g o rwr i t i n gt ot hema i nme mo r y o Ca c heHi t :i n di c a t e st ha tt h eda t ai si nt h ec a c he o Ca c heMi s s :i n d i c a t e st h eda t ai sn o ti nt h ec a c h e , mu s tb es e a r c h e di nRAM  Reading Memory: o Reading Memory Cycle  The address register identifies the exact location from which to read bits or write them  The read line will notfy memory that a value is to be read  The memory controller places the operand on the data bus  The read line notifies the CPU to read data from the bus...