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EVIDENCE Pro. Sherry F. Colb

Casebook: George Fisher Evidence (Third Edition) Foundation Press 2013

Evidence Introduction .................................................................................... 1 606: Juror’s Competency as a Witness ...........................................1 Pena Rodriguez case: juror with racial discrimination ...................2 Competency of Witnesses .................................................................................... 3 601: Competent witness: no restrictions ....................................... 3 602: Limit on competency of witnesses: Personal Knowledge...... 3 603: Affirm of the testimony: Oath ................................................ 4 610: Religious belief/Opinion .........................................................4

Section I General Principles of Relevance ........................................ 4 401: Relevance rule: both probability + materiality .......................4 402: General Admissibility of Relevant Evidence ...........................5 Probability .............................................................................................................5 Materiality ( Law based judgement) ......................................................................6 403: Excluding relevant evidence for prejudice .............................6 United States v. James case ............................................................6 104(a): preliminary question ..........................................................7 104(b): conditional relevancy (the standard for introducing the fact) .............................. 7 Cox v. State case: conditioned relevance ........................................ 8 Commonwealth v. Serge case: use of CGA ..................................... 9 Fuhrman Tapes in O.J Simpson case: 403 ..................................... 10 Old chief case: discounted probative value .................................11

Section II Specialized Relevance rules ........................................... 13 Subsequent Remedial Measures: 407 ................................................................ 13 407: Subsequent remedial measures ...........................................13 Compromise Offers and Negotiations: 408, 409 .................................................14 408: Compromise Offers and Negotiations .................................. 14 409: Offers to Pay Medical and Similar Expenses .........................15 Liability Insurance: 411 .......................................................................................15 411: Liability insurance .................................................................15 Pleas in Criminal Cases: 410 ...............................................................................16 410: Pleas, plea discussions, and related statements (exclusionary rule) .......................16 United States v. Biaggi case ..........................................................17

Section III Character Evidence ....................................................... 19 404: Character Evidence; Crimes or Other Acts ...........................19 The Character-Propensity Rule: 404(a)(1), (b) ....................................................20 404(a)(1), (b): Character Evidence; Crimes or Other Acts ............20

People v. Zackowitz case ...............................................................20 105: Limiting Evidence That Is Not Admissible Against Other Parties or for Other Purpos es......................................................................................................................................22 Routes Around the Box .......................................................................................23 Proof of Knowledge ..............................................................................23 Proof of Motive .................................................................................... 24 Proof of Identity ................................................................................... 24 Absence of Accident .............................................................................24 Doctrine of chances ..............................................................................24 Rex v. Smith case ...........................................................................24 The Huddleston Standard ................................................................................... 25 Huddleston v. United States case: conditional relevance 104b. . .25 104(b) conditional relevancy (the standard for introducing the fact) ......................................................................................................27 Propensity Evidence in Sexual Assault Cases: 413, 414, 415 .............................. 28 413: Similar Crimes in Sexual-Assault Cases ................................ 28 414: Similar Crimes in Child Molestation Cases ........................... 28 415: Similar Acts in Civil Cases Involving Sexual Assault or Child Molestation ................28 Lannan v. State case ......................................................................29 State v. Kirsch case ........................................................................30 United States v. Guardia case: Applying 413 under 403...............32 Proof of The Defendant’s and The Victim’ Character: 404(a)(2), 405 ................ 33 404(a)(2): Character Evidence; Crimes or Other Acts ..................33 405: Methods of Proving Character (Manner of proof under 404(a)(2)) ........................34 Michelson v. United States case ................................................... 34 Evidence of Habit: 406 ........................................................................................ 37 406: Habit; Routine Practice (more predictable) ......................... 37

Section IV Impeachment and Character for Truthfulness...............38 Modes of Impeachment.....................................................................................38 Impeachment by Opinion, Reputation and Cross-examination: 608 .................38 608: A Witness ............................................................................. 38 United States v. Whitmore case ....................................................39 Character and Credibility: Conclusion ..........................................41 Impeachment with Past Convictions: 609 .......................................................... 43 609: Impeachment by Evidence of a Criminal Conviction ...........43 Interpretation of Rule 609: ...........................................................45 Luce v. United States case .............................................................48 Ohler v. United States case ...........................................................49 Rehabilitation ......................................................................................................50 Character and credibility: rehabilitating the credibility of witness ......................................................................................................50

Use of Extrinsic Evidence .................................................................................... 51 Character and credibility: Extrinsic evidence ............................... 51

Section V The Rape Shield Law......................................................52 Historical Backdrop..............................................................................................52 People v. Abbot case .....................................................................53 State v. Sibley case ........................................................................53 The Shield Law: 412 ............................................................................................ 54 412: Sex-Offense Cases: The Victim ..............................................54 The Law in Force ................................................................................................. 56 Past Sexual Behavior With the Accused ...............................................56 Past Allegedly False Accusations ..........................................................57 State v. Smith case........................................................................57 Style Uses of Evidence of Past Sexual Behavior: 404(b) .......................58 404(b): Crimes, Wrongs, or Other Acts ........................................58 Olden v. Kentucky case .................................................................58 Stephens v. Miller case .................................................................61 United States v. Knox case ............................................................ 63 A Glance at Civil Cases ..........................................................................64

Section VI Hearsay........................................................................64 Defining Hearsay: 801,802..................................................................................64 801: Definitions That Apply to This Article; Exclusions from Hearsay ......................................................................................................64 802: The Rule against Hearsay .....................................................65 Hearsay: An Introduction ..................................................................... 65 Defining Assertions ...............................................................................68 Exceptions to the Hearsay Rule............................................................72 Opposing Parties’ Statements .............................................................................72 801(d)(2)(A): Statements that are not hearsay ............................ 72 The Party’s Own Words ........................................................................74 Adoptive Admissions ............................................................................74 805: Hearsay within Hearsay ........................................................74 801(d)(2)(B): Statements that are not hearsay ............................74 Statements of Agents...........................................................................75 801(d)(2)(C-E): Statements that are not hearsay.........................75 Mahlandt v. Wild Canid Survival & Research Center, Inc. case.....76 Past Statements of Witnesses and Past Testimony ............................................. 77 Chart: Past Statements of Witnesses and Past Testimony .................... 77 Inconsistent Statements Offered to Impeach ...................................... 78 613: Witness .................................................................................78 Inconsistent Statements Offered Substantively...................................79

801(d)(1)(A): Exclusions from Hearsay.........................................79 Past Consistent Statements..................................................................79 801(d)(1)(B): Exclusions from Hearsay.........................................79 803(5): Exceptions to the Rule against Hearsay ...........................80 Tome v. United States case ........................................................... 80 Statements of Identification.................................................................82 801(d)(1)(C): Exclusions from Hearsay.........................................82 Commonwealth v. Weichell case ..................................................82 806: Attacking and Supporting the Declarant ..............................83 Hearsay Exceptions Under 404: “Declarant Unavailable” .................................. 84 Past Testimony: 804(b)(1).....................................................................84 804(b)(1): Hearsay Exceptions; Declarant Unavailable................84 United States v. Duenas case ........................................................ 84 Statements against Interest: 804(b)(3)................................................85 804(b)(3): Hearsay Exceptions; Declarant Unavailable................85 Williamson v. United States case ..................................................85 Dying Declarations: 804(b)(2)...............................................................87 804(b)(2): Hearsay Exceptions; Declarant Unavailability.............87 Shepard v. United States case .......................................................87 Forfeiture by Wrongdoing: 804(b)(6)...................................................88 804(b)(6): Hearsay Exceptions; Declarant Unavailable................88 United States v. Gray case .............................................................88 Exceptions Under 803: Declarant’s Availability Immaterial ................................89 Present Sense Impressions and Excited Utterances: 803(1)(2)............90 803(1) & (2): Exceptions to the Rule against Hearsay..................90 Statements of Then-existing Condition: 803(3)...................................91 803(3): Exceptions to the Rule against Hearsay (State of mind) 91 Mutual Life Insurance Co. v. Hillmon case ....................................91 Shepard v. United States case .......................................................92 Statements for Medical Diagnosis or Treatment: 803(4).....................92 803(4): Exceptions to the Rule against Hearsay...........................92 United States v. Iron Shell case .....................................................93 Refreshing Memory and Recorded Recollections: 803(5)....................94 803(5): Exceptions to the Rule against Hearsay...........................94 Johnson v. State case .................................................................... 95

Section VII Confrontation and Compulsory Process ....................... 96 Confrontation Clause and Hearsay ..................................................................... 96 The Mattox Era ......................................................................................96 Pointer v. Texas case ......................................................................96 California v. Green case ................................................................96 The Roberts Era .................................................................................... 96

Ohio v. Roberts case ..................................................................... 96 Idaho v. Wright case ..................................................................... 96 Maryland v. Craig case ..................................................................97 White v. Illinois case ..................................................................... 97 Lilly v. Virginia case ....................................................................... 97 The Crawford Era..................................................................................97 Crawford v. Washington case ........................................................97 Whorton v. Bockting case .............................................................99 Giles v. California case: forfeiture by wrongdoing. .......................99

Section VIII Lay Opinions and Expert Testimony...........................100 Lay Opinions: 701..............................................................................................100 701: Opinion Testimony by Lay Witnesses .................................100 Expert Testimony ...............................................................................................101 Who Qualifies As An Expert? .............................................................101 702: Testimony by Expert Witnesses .......................................... 101 United States v. Johnson case .....................................................101 (Im)Proper Topics of Expert Testimony...............................................102 704: Opinion on an Ultimate Issue.............................................102 State v. Batangan case ................................................................102 State v. Guilbert case ..................................................................104 Proper Bases of Opinion Testimony ....................................................105 703: Bases of an Expert ..............................................................105 705: Disclosing the Facts or Data Underlying an Expert ............106 In Re Melton case .......................................................................106

Section IX Privilege ...................................................................... 107 501: Privilege in General ............................................................107 Lawyer-Client Privilege ..................................................................................... 108 Maintaining Confidentiality: 502(b) ................................................... 108 502(b): Attorney-Client Privilege and Work Product; Limitations on Waiver ................108 Williams v. District of Columbia case ..........................................108 The Crime-Fraud Exception................................................................109 United States v. Zolin case ..........................................................110 The Spousal Privilege ........................................................................................ 111 505 (proposed): Husband-Wife Privilege ...................................111 Trammel v. United States case .................................................... 112 United States v. Rakes case .........................................................113

Evidence Introduction Why don’t you believe? · Source of the source - Source – act · Evidence - conclusion Relevance/probative value · Errors · Common sense – contradict · Distant tone · Bias · Self-Presentation Why do we have evidence law restricting the presentation of evidence? - Efficiency; - Inflammatory and discretionary evidence, irrational jury (we don’t trust the jury); - Protection of other rights. (Privacy; Constitutional Rights) Paradox in trusting the jurors: - Total trust of the jurors: Rule 606 Juror’s competency as a witness. (Protect jury deliberations against harassment; against disrupting the finality of t he process; no transcript of the juror’s discussion) 606: Juror’s Competency as a Witness (a) At the Trial. A juror may not testify as a witness before the other jurors at the trial. If a juror is called to testify, the court must give a party an opportunity to object outsi de the jury’s presence. (b) During an Inquiry into the Validity of a Verdict or Indictment. (1) Prohibited Testimony or Other Evidence. During an inquiry into the validity o f a verdict or indictment, a juror may not testify about any statement made or in cident that occurred during the jury’s deliberations; the effect of anything on tha t juror’s or another juror’s vote; or any juror’s mental processes concerning the verdict or indictment. The court may not receive a juror’s affidavit or evidence o f a juror’s statement on these matters. (2) Exceptions. A juror may testify about whether: (A) Extraneous prejudicial information was improperly brought to the jury’s attention; (B) An outside influence was improperly brought to bear on any juror; or 1

(C) A mistake was made in entering the verdict on the verdict form. - No trust in jurors: irrational jurors. (See above.) - The jury can draw some evidence from an evidence but not all of them, instructed b y judge. Example: The prior convictions of a defendant can be instructed as the evidence of cre dibility, not the evidence of criminality. - If the evidence presented to the jury is unconstitutional or violating the rights, or so mething influencing the juror, or juror mistakenly wrote down the wrong verdict, the n the party can challenge the jury’s decision. Pena Rodriguez case: juror with racial discrimination

Pena Rodriguez v. Colorado Citation 137sct855 Parties (Plaintiff) Pena Rodriguez (Defendant) Colorado Facts Plaintiff was convicted of unlawful sexual contact and harassment after an alleged attac k on two teenage sisters in the bathroom of his workplace. The girls separately identifie d the plaintiff as the assailant. After the trial, two jurors alleged a ...