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COMM 170 Exam 1

"man is the measure of all things" (Protagoras) - important bc it seemed to challenge religious doctrine A Public - concrete audience bounded by time and space Aristotle's Genres of Rhetoric - Forensic, Epideictic, Deliberative Aristotle's Uses of Rhetoric - to help truth and justice prevail, to instruct, to help see both sides of a question, to engage with self defense Arts - rise of tragedy and comedy, less mythological and more realist Characteristics of Rhetoric - meaningful, legible, partisan, consequential Climate - life outside, agriculture Consequential - in terms of results/effectivity (rhetoric has social value and utility) Constitutive action - an action that constructs situational truth that gives meaning to social behavior Corax and Tsias Legend - important bc it was the founding legend of western rhetoric. It was in a court setting (one of several political impetuses for rhetoric's early importance+ and their arguments were from probability (not based on facts but likelihood) Counter Publics - have an awareness of their subordinate status Culture - importance of the Iliad and Odyssey - extended speeches Deliberative - assembly - future - in/expedient Development of Rhetoric in Ancient Greece - geography, climate, region, culture, arts, politics Dialect (Plato) - question and answers dialogue of challenge and response to discuss truth, forerunner of Logic (midwife art) - superior art (leads to knowledge) Dialect and Rhetoric Similarities - seek probable conclusions, universal (common to all men - no science to it), methods are not substantive (methods of understanding), starts with opinions as premises Dialect DIFFERENCES - conversation among experts, goal is criticism (Q & A), proceeds by Q&A

Dissoi Logoi - arguing both sides of an argument (Protagoras) Enconmium of Helen - Helen's name in mythology is associated with the ominous and dangers of great beauty. Rhetoric is seen as poetic, powerful, magical, seductive. Helen represents Rhetoric (both are attractive, unfaithful, and have a bad reputation) Epideictic - agora - present - dis/honest Ethos - a person's character (how credible are they?) - granted to the speaker by the audience Forensic - place - past - un/just Geography - rise of the city-state and isolated settlements Gorgias - was best known to be able to speaking about anything, was able to skillfully practice EPIDEXIS, KAIROS, play on language, and first to develop figurative language Hauser's different POV's toward rhetoric - situated, social, transaction, symbolic, strategic, constitutive action Kairos (Gorgias) - the element of a situation, its cultural and political contexts, rather than transcendent, exchanging laws (or customs), will produce the best solutions to problems and the best verbal means of presenting them persuasively Legible - addressed to or constitutive of a particular audience in a particular time Logos - words, content, logic Meaningful - a sense of the affect - "full of meaningfulness" Means of Persuasion - Ethos, Logos, Pathos Noumenal Realm - place to which our souls retire when we leave the Phenomenal Realm - where truth resides Partisan - being "partial", taking sides, or being contested Pathos - inducing a state of mind or emotional state (how to audience feels) Phenomenal Realm - (physical world) the world we inhabit and know Politics - rise of the city-state, equality of citizens, emergence of democracy, expectations of citizens participation Private Sphere - civil society, commodity exchange, social labor, intimate realm of the home

Public - deals with circumstances that are neither necessary nor impossible and used by publics (groups) Public (Aristotle) - that which comes into being in relations to texts and their circulations Public Sphere - political realm, world of letters, "town culture", "clubs", "coffee houses" Religion - gods modeled after humans - ideas were challenged by philosophers Requirements of a True Rhetoric - must know truth, the nature and types of men's souls, various types of speeches, the relationships of types of speeches to types of souls, the relationship of situations to types of speeches Rhetoric (Aristotle) - let it be defined as the ability to see the possible means of persuasion in each particular situation Rhetoric (blair, dickinson, ott) - a set of theoretical stances and critical tactics that offer ways if understanding, evaluating, and intervening in a broad range of human activities Rhetoric (Gorgias - Plato) - doesn't offer knowledge or truth, does not improve the soul, is a false art, offers only opinion (Doxa) - inferior art EX: cosmetics Rhetoric (Phaedrus - Plato) - an art which leads the should by means of words not only in law courts and other private assemblies, but in private company as well. It's concerned with small things as with great things and is no more to be esteemed in important than trivial matters Rhetoric #2 (blair, dickinson, ott) - the study of discourses, events, objects, practices that attends to their characters as meaningful, legible, partisan, and consequential - it organizes itself around the relationship of (these) to ideas about what it means to be public Rhetoric DIFFERENCES - popular audience, goal is persuasion, consists of extended discourse and speech situated action - specific manifestations of language use at a specific time Social action - involves at least one person attempting to engage with another Sophists - known for teaching Arete (virtue/character), rhetoric, charging large sums of money for education, taught to argue both sides of an argument, and taught display (advertising) and speech (Epidexis) Sphere of Public Authority - the state, the police, the courts, noble society strategic action - (goal oriented) intentional and takes into account what can and cannot be done to achieve a goal under certain circumstances

Symbolic action - action of humans seeking agreement on interpretations of situations The Decline of the Public Sphere (Habermas) - blurring distinction between the private realm of public authority, increase in literacy and the expansion of types of media, shirt towards consumption and "creating publics" - all serve to undermine the sphere's rational and critical edge THE Public - people on general The Public Sphere - enables the spread of information and ideas, encourages individuals to associate with/or engage with each other, supports discussion of "matters of mutual interest and where possible, reaching a common judgement" TO SUM UP PLATO ON RHETORIC (Phaedrus vs Gorgias) - dialect is a superior art and rhetoric is an inferior art. Dialect MUST PROCEED rhetoric for rhetoric to be considered a TRUE art transaction - when dynamic exchanges occur among the communicating partners Transmigration - when we return to phenomenal world from the noumenal world we drink from the "river of forgetfulness" Warner's Publics - Public is self organized, exists by only being addressed, requires participation, does not exist apart from discourses, relation among strangers, address is personal/im, constituted through attention, acts historically according to temporality of their circulation (long/short term)

Exam 2

A fitting response to a rhetorical situation - if the audience is either/both interested or capable of mediating change Actio or Pronunciato - Delivery or range of speech Aristotle's definition of logos - the speech itself that proves or seems to prove Aristotle's definition of rhetoric - rhetoric may be defined as the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion Aristotle's genres of rhetoric - Forensic, Epideictic, Deliberative Aristotle's telos of human conduct - to achieve happiness or eudaemonia

the point of deliberation is to arrive at krisis (public judgement) about how to achieve public happiness under specific conditions Aristotle's three habits of ethos - mental moral and emotional habits Aristotle's three means of persuasion - Logos: the content, words and logical structure of speech Pathos: Audience's emotional state induced by rhetor's words/arguments Ethos: rhetor's character based off the audience's interpretation of their message Backing - contains evidence and argument to support a warrant or data Bitzer's definition of a rhetorical situation - A complex of persons, events, objects, and relations presenting an actual or potential exigence which can be completely or partially removed if discourse, introduced into the situation, can so constrain human decision or action as to bring about significant modification of the exigence Blair Dickinson and Ott's definition of rhetoric - study of discourses, events, objects and practices that attends to their character as meaningful, legible, partisan, consequential and public Campbell and Jamieson's factors that define a genre - Stylistic Substantive Situational Characteristics of enthymeme - Rhetorical deductions General premise to specific conclusion Contains less propositions / premises than dialectic syllogism is effective when one of the premises is a familiar fact lines of argument are framed according to the particular universal statements applied to the particular not formally valid (may not follow form perfectly and require conventional wisdom to figure out what is missing) Characteristics of Topoi / Topos - Contentless, analytic and heuristic Cicero - The orator moves an audience to "right action" The orator instructs, pleases and moves Developed canons of rhetoric Developed plain, middle and high styles De Oratore (Of Oratory) 55 BCE Built on Aristotle, Plato and Isocrates Accepted Aristotle's genres Claim - the inference drawn as a conclusion from the data, the final point we want decision makers to accept

Consequential - has effects, effectivity, social value and utility and is re-used by and circulated among particular audiences Constitutive Action - constructs situational truths that give meaning to social behavior, rhetoric as a theoretical stance and critical tactic that offers a way of understanding human activities Data - evidence for the claim, the specific element within the argument Deliberative - Assembly, Future, Expedient/Inexpedient, Exhortation/Disuassion Direct Appeal - it is a direct reference to the words being used and these words work to construct audience reactions and participation Dispositio - Disposition or arrangement Structure of speech Elocutio - Style Rankings of style: grand, middle and low Focus on the beauty or amplitude of language choices Refinement of stylistic figures emotional habits - a disposition of good will toward the audience, concern for welfare of others (good will or eudemonia) Epideictic - Agora, Present, Honor/Dishonor, Praise/Blame Ethos - Persuasion achieved by the speaker's personal character when the speech is so spoken as to make us think him credible and should be achieved by what the speaker says, not by what people think of his character before he begins to speak Examples of Topoi / Topos - Definition: argue the nature of something Cause and Effect: Argue a necessary sequence of events Proposal: argues a solution to a problem First Triad of Toulmin Model - Claim Data Warrant Forensic - Court, Past, Just/Unjust, Accusation/Defense Generic Hybrid - elements of more than one of Aristotle's genres in one speech Hariman and Lucaites iconic photograph - Recognized by everyone Representations of historical significant events Activate identification or strong emotional response Regularly reproduced Hauser's Different Points of View Towards Rhetoric - Situated Action

Strategic Action Transaction Symbolic Action Social Action Constitutive Action Inventio - Invention or construction of subject matter Discovery of the options I have to persuade an audience Entails a systematic process called topical thinking Legible - addressed to or constitutive of a particular audience in a particular time Logical Deduction / Syllogism - Premise is generalization Conclusion is specific Logical Induction - premises are specific conclusions are general Logos - content (words plus logical structure) of the speech the human capacity to reason with others direct appeal means it is under complete control of the rhetor Meaningful - affect, evoking emotion Memoria - Memory How to remember your speech mental habits - practical wisdom or phronesis, expertise intelligent, well informed, reasonable, knowledgeable, good sense Metaphor - borrowing or transfer of meaning Metonymy - substituting one name for another moral habits - high integrity, virtuous, courageous, truthful, equitable, generous, prudential. Good character or Arete, Virtue demonstrated by arguing in a morally responsible way Partisan - partial, always incomplete, taking sides, arguing for or against something being contested Pathos - Audience's emotional state induced by the rhetor's words / arguments an invitation to the audience whose emotional character is made manifest in a response Principle elements of Bitzer's rhetorical situation - Understand contextually and focus on temporality and timing of rhetorical events

Qualifier - indicates the strength with which the claim is made, connects data to claim Question of Conjecture - Did the act occur? Question of Definition - What kind of act was it? Question of Procedure - How should we proceed? Question of Quality - How should we evaluate the act? Questions involved in Stasis - Question of Conjecture or Fact, Definition, Quality, Procedure Quintilian - Institutio of Oratoria (Institutes of Oratory) Citizen Orator - The Good Man Speak Well Be free from vice, lover of wisdom, believe in his cause, a servant of state) Rebuttal / Reservation - states exceptions or reasons why the warrant should not hold, need to know how to respond to counterargument, connects warrant to data Relationship between a rhetorical situation and genre - recurrent situations tend to give rise to similar rhetorical responses those similar rhetorical responses are often grouped together as a genre genres create expectations on the part of an audience Rhetorical Deduction / Enthymeme - Work from premises of conventional wisdom General premise Specific conclusion Rhetorical syllogism Aristotle believes it is the heart and soul of rhetoric Rhetorical Induction - Example or paradigm specific premise to specific conclusion Roman Canons of rhetoric - Inventio, Dispositio, Actio, Elocutio, Memoria Second Triad of Toulmin Model - Backing Rebuttal Qualifier Situated Action - language use at a specific time, all rhetorical action takes place in a particular context or situation Situational - addresses a particular situation or type of situation Six elements of the Toulmin model of argument - First Triad: 1. Claim 2. Data 3. Warrant

Second Triad: 1. Backing 2. Rebuttal 3. Qualifier Social Action - use of symbols to induce social action or coordinated efforts involves at least one person attempting to engage another (more about end result) Stages of a rhetorical situation's life cycle - Origin, maturity, deterioration, disintegration Strategic Action - Goal Oriented, interpreting how, when and why discourses are persuasive Stylistic - the way the speech is delivered and the metaphors it references Substantive - the content of the speech and what is addresses and acknowledges Symbolic Action - seeking agreement on interpretations of situations, the use of language as a symbolic means of inducing cooperation in beings that by nature respond to symbols (work that the symbol is doing) Synecdoche - deriving many from one or the whole from part Telos - purpose Topos/ Topoi - different ways in which an argument can be advanced (places to find and present an argument) used for rhetorical invention types of relationships, attributes or recurring topics and themes of discussion that had broad applicability to topics Transaction - dynamic exchanges between participating parties, the study of misunderstandings and their remedies Trope - artistic alteration of a word/phrase from its proper meaning Tropes developed by romans - metaphor synecdoche metonymy Warrant - the link that connects data to claim (not always explicitly stated)

Final

Backing - Contains evidence and argument to support a warrant. Ex: UNC's mission is to educate the children of the working class.

Claim - The inference drawn as a conclusion from the data. Ex: UNC should shift from less popular curricula to professional programs. Data - Supporting evidence that bolsters the claim. Ex: Freshmen prefer professional programs. Define "consubstantial" and explain its relationship to "identification." - "Consubstantial" = oneness; essential nature is shared. We identify with others (consubstantially) as well as individually. Define "ideograph" - An ordinary language term found in political discourse, a high order abstraction representing collective commitment to a particular but equivocal and ill-defined normative goal. Recurrent words/expressions that guide and warrant behavior and belief. "God and devil terms." Ill-defined, have associated commonplaces. Define "ideology" - How cultures are structured in ways that enable the group holding power to have the maximum control with minimal conflict. Functions: naturalize (make the set of relationships seem normal), historicize (makes the present seem like the natural conclusion), eternalize (present outcomes outside of history, they just "are" and "always will be" Define "metaphor" & describe its elements - Metaphor relates two things from different sets of experiences to ascribe new meaning. Principal subject: main subject of the sentence; Subsidiary subject: the subject to which the principal subject is compared Define "motives" & explain what constitutes a "vocabulary of motives" & "terministic screens" Motives are "shorthand terms for situations." Use dramastic pentad to locate motive. Define "paradigm" and "enthymeme" - "Enthymeme"- argument missing a premise or conclusion, left to the audience to fill in; deductive reasoning, top-down "Paradigm"- argument from examples; inductive reasoning, bottom-up Define and give two examples of an "iconic photograph." - A powerful photograph that is widely recognizable and understood to represent historically significant events. 1. Man standing in front of tanks in Tiananmen Square 2. Soldier kissing girl after returning from WWII DEFINE LOGOS! - The only direct appeal, human capacity to reason with others about good/bad, right/wrong, moral/immoral, etc. Define myth and identify/describe the three basic elements of myth. - Myth offers compelling explanations for the community's development of fundamental concepts such as identity, morality, religion, and law. Elements: 1. Universe 2. Protagonist 3. Narrative

Define pathos - The audience emotional state induced by the rhetor's words, arguments, and so forth. Self-evoked judgements/interpretations, grow from the development of the enthymemes. Define topos/topoi - "Commonplaces," locations for ideas that are shared by or common to a great variety of subjects, no restrictions on subject, stock formulas (ex: proverbs, cause and effect, comparisons, etc.) Define/describe ethos & its relation to reputation and its characteristics - Ethos is the audience's perception of the rhetor's credibility and character DURING the speech, whereas reputation exists outside of the speech. Ethos is dynamic (can change over the course of the speech) & a caused response (can be guided but not determined) Describe a "system of associated commonplaces" + example - The standard beliefs/associations shared by members of the same speech community when they use a term literally; grow from cultural & historical experiences w/ these terms. Ex. ideograph. Tree: old, tall, strong, green, supportive, sturdy, alive Explain "interinanimation" and indicate the ways it is created - Words animate meanings in one another; meanings depend on external context of situation & internal context of written phrase (e.g., connotation & metaphor) Explain the difference b/w langue & parole - Langue- the language system as a structure, fixed in time Parole- how language is used/performed, changes over time Explain the difference between "internal (artistic) appeals" and "external (inartistic) appeals." Inte...