Community Health\'S Scope AND Concept PDF

Preview

Summary

Community Health'S Scope AND Concept...

Description

COMMUNITY HEALTH'S SCOPE AND CONCEPT

A community is a small or large group of individuals who share nothing save the basic requirement of existence. The essential feature of a community is that it encompasses all of one's social connections. Community health is a field of public health concerned with the study and improvement of the health features of biological communities. While "community" has a broad connotation, it usually refers to geographical locations rather than people who share shared characteristics. GIS software and public health databases are widely utilised to analyse the health characteristics of a community. Some initiatives, such as Info Share or GEOPROJ, combine GIS with existing data to allow the general public to research the features of any community in participating countries. A variety of sociodemographic factors have an impact on one's wellbeing; relevant variables range from the number of people in a certain age group to the community's general life expectancy. Medical interventions aimed at improving a community's health range from improved access to medical care to public health communication campaigns. The impacts of the built environment and socioeconomic status on health have been the focus of recent research. The success of community health programmes depends on the transmission of information from health specialists to the general public via one-to-one or oneto-many communication (Mass communication). The most recent fad is toward health marketing.

The Purpose of Community Health:

Community health can be classified into three broad categories: • Basic health-care services: Primary healthcare interventions that focus on the individual or family include handwashing, immunisation, and circumcision. Traditionally, public health has prioritised population health strategies. This is a more recent example. In contrast, the Primary Health Care Strategy charted a new route for primary health care, which had previously concentrated on individuals rather than communities or populations. Primary health care services are now focusing on improving population health and actively striving to eradicate gaps in health across various populations. The connection between public health and primary care is more clearer, and their overall goals are more coordinated. Primary care is a word that is usually used to describe health-care services offered in the community. It can be given in a variety of settings, including urgent care clinics that treat patients on the same day, whether they walk in or make an appointment.

Primary care serves patients of all ages, from all socioeconomic and geographic origins, patients who want to maintain their health, and patients who have a variety of acute and chronic physical, mental, and social health problems, including a variety of chronic diseases. As a result, a primary care physician must be knowledgeable in a wide range of topics. Patients like to see the same doctor for routine checkups and preventative treatment, as well as health education and an initial consultation for a new health concern, which is an important aspect of primary care. The International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC) is a standardised framework for understanding and assessing data on primary care interventions according to the reason for the patient's visit.

Chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, asthma, COPD, depression and anxiety, back pain, arthritis, and thyroid dysfunction are all treated in primary care. Primary care covers a wide range of essential maternal and child health treatments, such as family planning and immunizations. According to the 2013 National Health Interview Survey, the most common reasons for seeing a doctor in the United States were skin disorders (42.7 percent), osteoarthritis and joint disorders (33.6 percent), back problems (23.9 percent), lipid metabolism disorders (22.4 percent), and upper respiratory tract disease (22.1 percent, excluding asthma).

Demand for primary care services is expected to rise rapidly in both developed and developing countries, since an increasing number of older people are at risk of chronic noncommunicable diseases as a result of global population ageing. Essential primary care is a vital component of a comprehensive primary health-care plan, according to the World Health Organization.

• Secondary healthcare: Environmental efforts such as emptying puddles near the house, clearing bushes, and using insecticides to battle vectors such as mosquitoes are examples of secondary healthcare. It includes acute care, which refers to treatment for a significant illness, accident, or other health condition for a brief period of time, such as at a hospital emergency department. Expert labour and delivery help, acute care, and medical imaging are also included.

The terms "hospital care" and "secondary care" are occasionally used interchangeably. Many secondary care providers, such as psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, occupational therapists, and physiotherapists (physiotherapists are also primary care providers and do not require a referral to see a physiotherapist), do not work in hospitals, though some

primary care services are provided in hospitals. Depending on the organisation and policies of the national health system, patients may be required to contact a primary care practitioner for a referral before receiving secondary treatment. In the United States, for example, where there is a mixed-market health-care system, some physicians may choose to limit their practise to secondary care by requiring patients to see a primary care provider first, or this restriction may be imposed by the terms of payment agreements in private or group health-insurance plans. Medical specialists may meet with patients without requiring a referral in some cases, and patients may choose whether or not to self-refer.

Allied health professionals who operate in secondary care and are referred by patients or physicians include physical therapists, respiratory therapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, and dietitians.

• Tertiary healthcare: In a hospital setting, tertiary healthcare includes procedures such as intravenous rehydration and surgery. Specialist consultation health care is delivered in a facility with personnel and facilities for advanced medical investigation and treatment, such as a tertiary referral hospital, usually for inpatients and on the recommendation of a primary or secondary health professional. Tertiary care services include cancer management, neurosurgery, heart surgery, plastic surgery, burn therapy, advanced neonatology services, palliative care, and other sophisticated medical and surgical procedures.

India has a population of 102.70 crores, with the vast majority (about 73 percent) living in rural areas, according to the 2001 census. The available natural and capital resources and the amount of these resources required for the population's overall growth and development are vastly different. Poverty and poor health endure as a result of the sheer number of the population, resulting in a reduction in the standard of living for a major portion of the people. This scenario is intolerable since it jeopardises our country's growth goals. As a result, population management is necessary. To achieve this stated goal as well as the execution of various national health programmes, a vast health infrastructure in the form of Community Health Centers (CHCs) (30 bedded hospital per 80120 thousand population), Primary Health Centers (PHCs) (on each 2030 thousand population), and SubCenters (SCs) (on each 35 thousand population) has been created. In September 2004, a network of 3,222 CHCs, 23, 109 PHCs, and 1, 42,655 Sub Centers served the country's rural and semiurban areas (GOI, 2006, 456).

A Community Health Center employs a Medical Specialist, a Child Specialist, a Gynecologist, a Surgeon, and a Lady Doctor, as well as about 25 other paramedical and support workers. A Primary Health Centre employs a medical officer, pharmacist, staff nurse, block extension educator/health educator, lab technician, one male and one female health worker, and 45 more support personnel (PHC). At the SubCenter level, a team of health workers (one male and one female) is stationed at the village level. The general administrative management of these centres is the responsibility of the PHC/CHC MO.

Some notions that are related:

• Population health, according to the definition, is "the health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes among the population." It is a type of healthcare delivery that aims to improve the health of a large number of people. This concept does not apply to animal or plant populations. Reduced health inequities or disparities among different population groups as a result of social determinants of health, or SDOH, is an important goal to achieve. The SDOH includes all social, environmental, cultural, and physical components that people are born into, grow up with, and interact with throughout their lives, all of which have the potential to have a measurable impact on people's health. In contrast to conventional orthodox medicine, the Population Health concept takes the focus away from the individual. It also tries to enhance traditional public health efforts by focusing on a broader range of issues that have been identified as having an impact on the health of different groups. The World Health Organization's Commission on Social Determinants of Health found in 2008 that SDOH factors were the principal drivers of health inequity in all countries, and that they were responsible for the majority of diseases and injuries. In the United States, SDOH was anticipated to be responsible for 70% of unnecessary deaths. Health has been defined as "the capacity of people to adapt to, respond to, or control life's challenges and changes," rather than just as a state free of illness, from the perspective of population health. Health was defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1946 as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing, rather than simply the absence of sickness or infirmity."

• Think about population health as a strategy:

The population health approach to public health places a greater emphasis on community health, which encompasses the entire population, the community's role, health promotion and prevention, and so on. The importance of assembling a broad group of specialists • Health Determinants in the Population: A community health approach takes into account all of the factors that affect one's health and well-being, as well as how these issues might be handled. Peace, housing, and food, as well as education and a sufficient income, a healthy ecosystem, sustainable resource use, social justice, and equity, are all examples of health determinants.

• Healthy People in 2020:

Healthy People 2020 is a US Department of Health and Human Services-sponsored web portal that marks the culmination of a 34-year endeavour by the Surgeon General's office and colleagues. It includes 42 socioeconomic determinants of health themes and approximately 1200 specific targets for population health improvement. It includes links to current research on a variety of themes, as well as acknowledges and supports the importance of community involvement in realistically resolving these concerns.

• The human impact of economic inequality: Population growth has recently heightened the human impact. Economic inequality and its impact on population health is a topic that epidemiologists are becoming increasingly interested in. There is a substantial relationship between socioeconomic status and health. This association demonstrates that heart disease, ulcers, type 2 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, certain types of cancer, and hastened ageing affect

everyone, not just the poor. Despite the existence of the SES Gradient, there is no consensus on what produces it. A number of academics (A. Leigh, C. Jencks, A. Clarkwest—see also Russell Sage working papers) discover a clear link between economic status and mortality due to the better off's greater economic resources, but no link due to social status disparities. Other studies, such as Richard G. Wilkinson, J. Lynch, and G.A. Kaplan, have established that socioeconomic status has a considerable impact on health, even after controlling for economic resources and access to health care. The Whitehall studies, a series of studies conducted on London's public officials, are renowned for establishing a link between socioeconomic status and health. The investigations showed a strong correlation between social position and health, despite the fact that all civil servants in England had equal access to health care. Even when health-related behaviours such as exercise, smoking, and drinking were taken into account in the study, the link remained strong. Furthermore, despite the fact that both are more common in low-income populations, no amount of medical attention will help someone avoid having type 1 diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis. Finally, it was discovered that among the world's wealthiest quarter of countries (a group that stretches from Luxembourg to Slovakia), there is no correlation between a country's wealth and general population health, implying that absolute levels of wealth have little impact on population health beyond a certain point, but relative levels within a country do. Psychosocial stress is a concept that attempts to explain how psychosocial phenomena such as status and social stratification may contribute to the many diseases associated with the SES gradient. Economic disparity tends to worsen social hierarchies and decrease the quality of social relations in general, leading to greater stress and stress-related diseases. According to Richard Wilkinson, this was true not only for the poorest, but also for the wealthiest members of society. Economic inequality has a negative impact on everyone's health. Inequality has a negative impact on the health of human communities.

According to David H. Abbott of the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, less egalitarian social structures in various monkey species were associated to higher levels of stress hormones in socially subordinate individuals. Robert Sapolsky of Stanford University found similar results in his studies.

Relationship between primary care and public health:

A population health strategy is not a new concept in public health. Rather than addressing individual diseases, disorders, or disabilities, public health aims to keep people healthy and improve community health. The importance of public health, especially health promotion, in reorienting the health system toward a population health strategy cannot be overstated. Not just at the individual worker level, but also at the organisational level, public health knowledge and competencies will assist Primary Health Organizations in achieving their population health goals. Learning new ways of operating is a problem for the old primary healthcare method. The challenge for public health is to adapt workforce development and training for primary care professionals....